Effects of Low Energetic Neutral Atoms on Martian and Venusian Dayside Exospheric Temperature Estimations

The heating of the upper atmospheres and the formation of the ionospheres on Venus and Mars are mainly controlled by the solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation (λ = 0.1–102.7 nm and can be characterized by the 10.7 cm solar radio flux). Previous estimations of the average Martian dayside exospheric temperature inferred from topside plasma scale heights, UV airglow and Lyman-α dayglow observations of up to ∼500 K imply a stronger dependence on solar activity than that found on Venus by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and Magellan spacecraft. However, this dependence appears to be inconsistent with exospheric temperatures (<250 K) inferred from aerobraking maneuvers of recent spacecraft like Mars Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey during different solar activity periods and at different orbital locations of the planet. In a similar way, early Lyman-α dayglow and UV airglow observations by Venera 4, Mariner 5 and 10, and Venera 9–12 at Venus also suggested much higher exospheric temperatures of up to 1000 K as compared with the average dayside exospheric temperature of about 270 K inferred from neutral gas mass spectrometry data obtained by PVO. In order to compare Venus and Mars, we estimated the dayside exobase temperature of Venus by using electron density profiles obtained from the PVO radio science experiment during the solar cycle and found the Venusian temperature to vary between 250–300 K, being in reasonable agreement with the exospheric temperatures inferred from Magellan aerobraking data and PVO mass spectrometer measurements. The same method has been applied to Mars by studying the solar cycle variation of the ionospheric peak plasma density observed by Mars Global Surveyor during both solar minimum and maximum conditions, yielding a temperature range between 190–220 K. This result clearly indicates that the average Martian dayside temperature at the exobase does not exceed a value of about 240 K during high solar activity conditions and that the response of the upper atmosphere temperature on Mars to solar activity near the ionization maximum is essentially the same as on Venus. The reason for this discrepancy between exospheric temperature determinations from topside plasma scale heights and electron distributions near the ionospheric maximum seems to lie in the fact that thermal and photochemical equilibrium applies only at altitudes below 170 km, whereas topside scale heights are derived for much higher altitudes where they are modified by transport processes and where local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions are violated. Moreover, from simulating the energy density distribution of photochemically produced moderately energetic H, C and O atoms, as well as CO molecules, we argue that exospheric temperatures inferred from Lyman-α dayglow and UV airglow observations result in too high values, because these particles, as well as energetic neutral atoms, transformed from solar wind protons into hydrogen atoms via charge exchange, may contribute to the observed planetary hot neutral gas coronae. Because the low exospheric temperatures inferred from neutral gas mass spectrometer and aerobraking data, as well as from CO⁺ ₂ UV doublet emissions near 180–260 nm obtained from the Mars Express SPICAM UV spectrograph suggest rather low heating efficiencies, some hitherto unidentified additional IR-cooling mechanism in the thermospheres of both Venus and Mars is likely to exist. An erratum to this article can be found at     

偏心与齿频误差对封闭差动人字齿轮传动系统动态均载特性的影响分析

基于集中参数理论,建立了封闭差动人字齿轮传动系统动力学模型,模型中考虑了支撑的弹性变形、啮合齿轮副的时变啮合刚度激励、误差激励以及中间浮动构件的影响.引入斜齿轮啮合刚度公式按并联方式计算了人字齿时变啮合刚度,采用傅里叶级数法求解系统动力学方程,获得了系统动态均载系数,分析了偏心与齿频误差对系统均载特性的影响.研究结果表明:差动级均载系数对齿频误差敏感,随齿频误差的增加而增大,均载系数基本不受偏心误差的影响;封闭级均载系数对偏心误差敏感,随偏心误差的增加而增大,均载系数基本不受齿频误差的影响;齿频误差对差动级均载系数的影响比偏心误差对封闭级均载系数的影响大,差动级均载系数大于封闭级均载系数.      

行星机构的可靠性分析与计算

行星机构的结构设计缺陷、制造与安装误差、支撑构件刚度不足等原因可能会使系统发生一定程度的偏载,从而会影响整个机构的使用寿命与可靠性。利用最小次序统计量的概念建立了行星齿轮系的可靠度计算模型,模型反映了偏载对齿轮系可靠性的影响。首先,对行星机构进行了详细的运动学和力学分析,计算得到了各个齿轮的随机载荷历程。根据Miner线性疲劳累积损伤法则,将随机载荷历程转化为等效恒幅载荷谱,并将其作为可靠性模型的载荷输入变量。然后,将特定齿轮的疲劳寿命数据进行统计处理,将统计结果作为可靠性模型的强度输入变量。最后,根据模型的计算结果定量地说明了偏载对行星齿轮系可靠性的影响程度,同时利用随机截尾数据处理方法对可靠性模型的有效性进行了验证。     

自校准扩展Kalman滤波方法

提出一种自校准扩展Kalman滤波(SEKF)方法,针对3种含有未知输入(如未知系统误差、突风、故障等)的不同的非线性系统模型,分别给出了滤波递推算法.在导航、信号处理、故障诊断等领域的许多非线性工程中,传统的扩展Kalman滤波(EKF)方法无法消除未知输入的影响,在滤波过程中往往产生较大误差甚至发散.提出的SEKF方法能够对这种未知输入进行补偿和修正,从而提高滤波精度.数值仿真算例表明:SEKF的滤波误差均值和标准差分别减少到传统EKF的1/12和1/4,有效地改善了滤波精度.并且该方法计算简单,便于工程应用.      

深空探测器自主技术发展现状与趋势

深空探测器距离地球远、所处环境复杂、苛刻,利用地面测控站进行深空探测器的遥测和遥控已经很难满足探测器控制的实时性和安全性要求。深空探测器自主技术即通过在探测器上构建一个智能自主管理软件系统,自主地进行工程任务与科学任务的规划调度、命令执行、星上状态的监测与故障时的系统重构,完成无人参与情况下的探测器长时间自主安全运行,自主技术已经逐渐成为深空探测领域未来发展的一项关键技术。本文首先分析了传统测控模式对深空探测的约束,回顾了深空探测器自主技术发展的现状,分析了实现深空探测器自主运行的关键技术,包括在轨自主管理系统设计技术、自主任务规划技术、自主导航与控制技术、自主故障处理技术和自主科学任务操作技术。然后结合深空探测工程实施和技术发展需求,提出未来深空探测器自主技术发展的趋势和重点。     

深空天线组阵宽带信号频域合成技术研究

分析了深空天线组阵中宽带信号合成需求,提出一种宽带信号频域波束形成方法,设计相应的信道化滤波器组,达到了近似完全重建的目的;采用多相FIR(Finite Impulse Response,有限脉冲响应)和FFT(Fast Fourier Transform,快速傅里叶变换)结合的方式降低了DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform,离散傅里叶变换)滤波器组的计算量。在此基础上开展了原理样机的研制,并通过数传基带对样机进行闭环BER(Bit Error Rate,比特误码率)测试,根据测试BER数据计算样机本身SNR(Signal Noise Ratio,信噪比)恶化和合成效率。测试结果表明:合成信噪比损失小于0.4dB,验证了设计的正确性和合理性。     

开式转子发动机齿轮传动系统设计技术研究

等速对转行星齿轮传动系统是对转风扇开式转子发动机的关键技术。与齿轮驱动单级风扇(GTF)发动机的行星齿轮传动系统相比较,该系统的结构更为复杂,工作条件更恶劣。本文以对转风扇开式转子发动机齿轮传动系统概念设计为基础,开展了行星齿轮传动系统初步设计、齿轮疲劳强度分析、行星轴承寿命分析和传动系统润滑设计技术研究,为开式转子发动机的发展提供参考。     

深空探测用热防护材料的现状及发展方向

综述了热防护材料的发展历史,重点介绍了深空探测用烧蚀防热材料体系,并通过Pioneer Venus、

Galileo、Stardust 等探测任务的热防护系统(TPS)选材方案分析,对未来深空探测TPS 材料进行技术需求分析。

     

嫦娥三号巡视器的惯导与视觉组合定姿定位

针对“嫦娥三号”的“玉兔号”巡视器在月面未知环境中避障与安全行进的要求,分析和阐述了“玉兔号”巡视器在地面遥操作中心的控制下利用惯导和视觉组合进行月面导航与精确定位的实现方法,并结合现有的导航定位研究对“玉兔号”巡视器导航与定位的工程创新性进行了总结,阐明了惯导定位和视觉定位技术在“玉兔号”巡视器月面探测过程中的工程应用特点.最后,通过“玉兔号”巡视器着月点的精确定位实验,验证惯导和视觉相结合的定位方法的有效性,定位精度近似达到总行驶里程的1％,这对“玉兔号”巡视器开展月面探索和准确抵达科学目标位置具有重要作用.     

气动磁镜聚变推进器的火星探测任务分析

将气动磁镜聚变概念拓展到空间推进器应用,分析了不同等离子体密度和氢推进剂质量流率下聚变推进器的比冲和推力变化范围,理论计算表明其比冲可达10 000 s以上,推力最高可达几十牛。在此基础上,进一步采用气动磁镜聚变推进器对地火转移任务进行了数值仿真。假设推进器初始质量为100 t,仿真结果表明:当飞行时间在282.42~639.76 d变化时,剩余质量从88.59 t提升至98.24 t。相关分析表明基于气动磁镜的聚变空间推进器通过调节比冲和推力组合方式,可以很好地满足未来火星载人和货运任务对飞行时间和有效载荷份额的不同需求,是未来高性能空间推进器发展的一种候选方案。