深空天文自主导航技术发展综述

航天器地面无线电导航在深空中面临着信息传输时延长、数据传输率低、天体遮挡等问题,难以满足未来深空探测的导航需求。天文自主导航技术利用天文信息为航天器提供导航支持,可有效提高其在深空中的生存能力及任务执行能力,已成为深空导航领域的研究热点。结合国内外深空探测任务及其实际工程需求,首先概述了深空天文自主导航技术发展的现状和特点,进而总结了深空天文自主导航的发展趋势和重点研究内容,最后对深空天文自主导航技术的发展提出了若干建议。     

环火星测量数据处理及精密轨道确定

为支持我国首次火星探测任务取得圆满成功,宇航动力学国家重点实验室将全自主开发的精密定轨平台系统,应用于环火星轨道确定中。为满足多对象、多弧段、多中心天体的定轨需求,平台系统设计了卫星结构、测站结构、观测结构和天体结构4大基础结构,并在4大基础结构之上,设计了灵活的弧段结构和估计结构。为验证平台系统是否具备环火星定轨能力,平台系统首先使用2020年上半年跟踪火星快车实验的数据对测量模型进行了检核,得到了理论测距和实测测距偏差（11m~21m）;其次,使用2009年实测双程测速和三程测速数据定轨,单独使用双程测速定轨,轨道与欧空局精密星历位置偏差最大不超过100m,测速残差的均方根（Root Mean Square, RMS）为0.0137(cm/s)。使用三程测速定轨,位置偏差不超过250m,三程测速RMS为0.0119（cm/s）;最后,使用两天三站测距仿真进行了自定轨验证,初轨和随机差都基本收敛回仿真初值。结果显示,宇航动力学国家重点实验室精密定轨系统能够满足我国首次火星探测任务的基本需求。     

基于ADAMS的行星齿轮系刚柔耦合仿真局部缺陷识别

针对行星齿轮系在工作过程中出现的局部缺陷,将引起齿轮啮合异常,并导致冲击异常,其特征频率就会发生变化。现用ADAMS与ANSYS建立行星齿轮系的刚柔耦合模型,通过快速傅里叶变换（FFT）得到其啮合力的频域曲线,并分析无缺陷行星齿轮系的特征频率、行星轮齿局部缺陷的特征频率、太阳轮齿局部缺陷的特征频率。仿真结果与理论值吻合,说明了所建虚拟样机模型可靠,得到无缺陷行星齿轮系的特征频率是265.34Hz,行星轮齿局部缺陷的特征频率是17.67Hz,太阳轮齿局部缺陷的特征频率是36.13Hz,可用于识别行星齿轮系的行星轮或太阳轮局部缺陷。对行星齿轮系振动特性、可靠性的研究具有一定的指导意义。     

Rosetta Ground Segment and Mission Operations

At the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt (Germany) the activities for ground segment development and mission operations preparation for Rosetta started in 1997. Many of the characteristics of this mission were new to ESOC and have therefore required an early effort in identifying all the necessary facilities and functions. The ground segment required entirely new elements to be developed, such as the large deep-space antenna built in New Norcia (Western Australia). The long duration of the journey to the comet, of about 10 years, required an effort in the operations concept definition to reduce the cost of routine monitoring and control. The new approaches adopted for the Rosetta mission include full transfer of on-board software maintenance responsibility to the operations team, and the installation of a fully functioning spacecraft engineering model at ESOC, in support of testing and troubleshooting activities in flight, but also for training of the operations staff. Special measures have also been taken to minimise the ground contact with the spacecraft during cruise, to reduce cost, down to a typical frequency of one contact per week. The problem of maintaining knowledge and expertise in the long flight to comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko is also a major challenge for the Rosetta operations team, which has been tackled early in the mission preparation phase and evolved with the first years of flight experience.     

Effects of Low Energetic Neutral Atoms on Martian and Venusian Dayside Exospheric Temperature Estimations

The heating of the upper atmospheres and the formation of the ionospheres on Venus and Mars are mainly controlled by the solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation (λ = 0.1–102.7 nm and can be characterized by the 10.7 cm solar radio flux). Previous estimations of the average Martian dayside exospheric temperature inferred from topside plasma scale heights, UV airglow and Lyman-α dayglow observations of up to ∼500 K imply a stronger dependence on solar activity than that found on Venus by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and Magellan spacecraft. However, this dependence appears to be inconsistent with exospheric temperatures (<250 K) inferred from aerobraking maneuvers of recent spacecraft like Mars Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey during different solar activity periods and at different orbital locations of the planet. In a similar way, early Lyman-α dayglow and UV airglow observations by Venera 4, Mariner 5 and 10, and Venera 9–12 at Venus also suggested much higher exospheric temperatures of up to 1000 K as compared with the average dayside exospheric temperature of about 270 K inferred from neutral gas mass spectrometry data obtained by PVO. In order to compare Venus and Mars, we estimated the dayside exobase temperature of Venus by using electron density profiles obtained from the PVO radio science experiment during the solar cycle and found the Venusian temperature to vary between 250–300 K, being in reasonable agreement with the exospheric temperatures inferred from Magellan aerobraking data and PVO mass spectrometer measurements. The same method has been applied to Mars by studying the solar cycle variation of the ionospheric peak plasma density observed by Mars Global Surveyor during both solar minimum and maximum conditions, yielding a temperature range between 190–220 K. This result clearly indicates that the average Martian dayside temperature at the exobase does not exceed a value of about 240 K during high solar activity conditions and that the response of the upper atmosphere temperature on Mars to solar activity near the ionization maximum is essentially the same as on Venus. The reason for this discrepancy between exospheric temperature determinations from topside plasma scale heights and electron distributions near the ionospheric maximum seems to lie in the fact that thermal and photochemical equilibrium applies only at altitudes below 170 km, whereas topside scale heights are derived for much higher altitudes where they are modified by transport processes and where local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions are violated. Moreover, from simulating the energy density distribution of photochemically produced moderately energetic H, C and O atoms, as well as CO molecules, we argue that exospheric temperatures inferred from Lyman-α dayglow and UV airglow observations result in too high values, because these particles, as well as energetic neutral atoms, transformed from solar wind protons into hydrogen atoms via charge exchange, may contribute to the observed planetary hot neutral gas coronae. Because the low exospheric temperatures inferred from neutral gas mass spectrometer and aerobraking data, as well as from CO⁺ ₂ UV doublet emissions near 180–260 nm obtained from the Mars Express SPICAM UV spectrograph suggest rather low heating efficiencies, some hitherto unidentified additional IR-cooling mechanism in the thermospheres of both Venus and Mars is likely to exist. An erratum to this article can be found at     

偏心与齿频误差对封闭差动人字齿轮传动系统动态均载特性的影响分析

基于集中参数理论,建立了封闭差动人字齿轮传动系统动力学模型,模型中考虑了支撑的弹性变形、啮合齿轮副的时变啮合刚度激励、误差激励以及中间浮动构件的影响.引入斜齿轮啮合刚度公式按并联方式计算了人字齿时变啮合刚度,采用傅里叶级数法求解系统动力学方程,获得了系统动态均载系数,分析了偏心与齿频误差对系统均载特性的影响.研究结果表明:差动级均载系数对齿频误差敏感,随齿频误差的增加而增大,均载系数基本不受偏心误差的影响;封闭级均载系数对偏心误差敏感,随偏心误差的增加而增大,均载系数基本不受齿频误差的影响;齿频误差对差动级均载系数的影响比偏心误差对封闭级均载系数的影响大,差动级均载系数大于封闭级均载系数.      

行星机构的可靠性分析与计算

行星机构的结构设计缺陷、制造与安装误差、支撑构件刚度不足等原因可能会使系统发生一定程度的偏载,从而会影响整个机构的使用寿命与可靠性。利用最小次序统计量的概念建立了行星齿轮系的可靠度计算模型,模型反映了偏载对齿轮系可靠性的影响。首先,对行星机构进行了详细的运动学和力学分析,计算得到了各个齿轮的随机载荷历程。根据Miner线性疲劳累积损伤法则,将随机载荷历程转化为等效恒幅载荷谱,并将其作为可靠性模型的载荷输入变量。然后,将特定齿轮的疲劳寿命数据进行统计处理,将统计结果作为可靠性模型的强度输入变量。最后,根据模型的计算结果定量地说明了偏载对行星齿轮系可靠性的影响程度,同时利用随机截尾数据处理方法对可靠性模型的有效性进行了验证。     

自校准扩展Kalman滤波方法

提出一种自校准扩展Kalman滤波(SEKF)方法,针对3种含有未知输入(如未知系统误差、突风、故障等)的不同的非线性系统模型,分别给出了滤波递推算法.在导航、信号处理、故障诊断等领域的许多非线性工程中,传统的扩展Kalman滤波(EKF)方法无法消除未知输入的影响,在滤波过程中往往产生较大误差甚至发散.提出的SEKF方法能够对这种未知输入进行补偿和修正,从而提高滤波精度.数值仿真算例表明:SEKF的滤波误差均值和标准差分别减少到传统EKF的1/12和1/4,有效地改善了滤波精度.并且该方法计算简单,便于工程应用.      

深空探测器自主技术发展现状与趋势

深空探测器距离地球远、所处环境复杂、苛刻,利用地面测控站进行深空探测器的遥测和遥控已经很难满足探测器控制的实时性和安全性要求。深空探测器自主技术即通过在探测器上构建一个智能自主管理软件系统,自主地进行工程任务与科学任务的规划调度、命令执行、星上状态的监测与故障时的系统重构,完成无人参与情况下的探测器长时间自主安全运行,自主技术已经逐渐成为深空探测领域未来发展的一项关键技术。本文首先分析了传统测控模式对深空探测的约束,回顾了深空探测器自主技术发展的现状,分析了实现深空探测器自主运行的关键技术,包括在轨自主管理系统设计技术、自主任务规划技术、自主导航与控制技术、自主故障处理技术和自主科学任务操作技术。然后结合深空探测工程实施和技术发展需求,提出未来深空探测器自主技术发展的趋势和重点。     

深空天线组阵宽带信号频域合成技术研究

分析了深空天线组阵中宽带信号合成需求,提出一种宽带信号频域波束形成方法,设计相应的信道化滤波器组,达到了近似完全重建的目的;采用多相FIR(Finite Impulse Response,有限脉冲响应)和FFT(Fast Fourier Transform,快速傅里叶变换)结合的方式降低了DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform,离散傅里叶变换)滤波器组的计算量。在此基础上开展了原理样机的研制,并通过数传基带对样机进行闭环BER(Bit Error Rate,比特误码率)测试,根据测试BER数据计算样机本身SNR(Signal Noise Ratio,信噪比)恶化和合成效率。测试结果表明:合成信噪比损失小于0.4dB,验证了设计的正确性和合理性。