中国月球探测任务轨道确定技术及发展综述

月球探测器的轨道确定是完成月球探测任务的基础,在我国月球探测任务的引领下,在我国深空测控体系发展的同时,轨道确定技术也得到了快速的进步。从时空参考框架和动力学模型两个方面介绍了我国月球探测任务轨道确定技术的发展过程,基于时空参考框架的优化及动力学模型的改进,我国月球探测器的轨道确定能力及精度也不断提升,这对于当前及后续的月球探测任务都有很好的借鉴意义。     

“火卫1”轨道预报与动力学分析

使用数值积分的方法对"火卫1"(Phobos)轨道进行预报计算,介绍了计算"火卫1"轨道时考虑的动力模型与数值积分方法,分析了不同动力模型及参量对轨道计算结果的影响,并确定最终选择的模型。最后将计算结果与不同机构发布的最新历表进行比较,计算位置和轨道根数的差异。得到的结果与各星历之间差异的量级相同,进而验证了相关模型和算法的精度和可靠性。该轨道预报算法模型与分析结果将对"火卫1"探测任务提供参考。     

A combination method using evolutionary algorithms in initial orbit determination for too short arc

With the combination of two evolutionary algorithms EDA and DE, a new method of initial orbit determination for satellites based on ground-based too-short-arc is established. Compared with other algorithms, the proposed method focuses on the most densely populated region in the solution space rather than the individual with best fitness value. Both the global information and local information are well fused in the search of optimum. In the method $(a,e,M)$ are treated as variables of the optimization, and the optimization procedure is carried out as a two-stage hierarchical optimization problem which has three variables for each stage. Kernel density estimation is applied to build the probability distribution model without any assumptions of the specified distribution, accompanied by handling semi-major axis and eccentricity as a pair of dependent variables in the construction of the probability for the correlation between them in the practice. Numerical experiments with real ground-based observations show that the proposed method is applicable to too-short-arc with even 3?s, and the result of bias in several kilometers can be achieved with $5^{″}$ error added to angular measurements.     

基于实时SSR数据的LEO卫星精密单点定位研究

对目前低轨卫星实时定位的方法进行了研究,现在通常采用GPS定位,使用广播星历和普通晶振,实时定位精度一般在10m以内,不能满足高精度实时定位的需求。IGS组织在全球范围内对GPS跟踪分析,生成精密星历、精密钟差产品、按SSR格式的广播星历和钟差修正产品并在网上发布。对这些IGS产品进行了调查,提出在现有测控支持情况下,可以通过高密度上注SSR信息流实现在轨高精度定位。以某型号低轨微小卫星在轨导航增强载荷为应用背景,用IGS03产品中的1057和1058数据对双频GPS接收机的星历和钟差进行修正,采用递推最小二乘估计和LAMDA模糊度固定过对载波相位和伪距信息进行处理,在短时间内获得亚米级定位结果。     

GPS single-frequency orbit determination for low Earth orbiting satellites

The determination of high-precision orbits for Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites (e.g., CHAMP, GRACE, MetOp-A) is based on dual-frequency tracking data from on-board GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers. The two frequencies allow it to eliminate the first order ionosphere effects. Data screening and precise orbit determination (POD) procedures are optimized under the assumption of the availability of two frequencies.     

Disposal orbits for GEO spacecraft: A method for evaluating the orbit height distributions resulting from implementing IADC guidelines

Geostationary orbit (GEO) is the most commercially valuable Earth orbit. The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) has produced guidelines to help protect this region from space debris. The guidelines propose moving a satellite at the end of its operational life to a disposal orbit, which is designed so that satellites left there will not infringe the operational GEO region within a period of at least 100 yr.     

DORIS system: The new age

The boarding of the first DGXX DORIS instrument on Jason-2 mission gives us the opportunity to present the improvements that have been implemented on the DORIS system. The goal of this paper is to present information about the new capacities of the DORIS system and to give the current status of its components. An overview of the DORIS system, the International DORIS Service and the Jason-2 satellite mission are first presented. Then the new characteristics of the on-board instrument are detailed. The capacity to track up to seven ground beacons simultaneously dramatically increases the number of measurements performed: a factor of three increase over Jason-1 is observed at the altitude of 1330 km. It also increases the diversity of directions of observation and allows low elevation measurements from 0°. The new phase measurements capability allows now phase processing. The instability of the Jason-1 USOs (Ultra-Stable Oven-controlled quartz oscillator) while crossing the South Atlantic Anomaly has been solved by decreasing the sensitivity to radiation by a factor of 10. New features of the on-board software enhance the coastal and inland water altimetry and increase the robustness of the data. The new software also improves the real time orbit accuracy for operational altimetry. The improvements introduced concurrently on the ground segment have also significantly enhanced capability. The new RINEX exchange formats provide simultaneous phase and pseudo-range measurements. The maintenance of the DORIS Beacons Network and the work done by the DORIS Signal Integrity monitoring team lead to an increased availability of the Network from 75% to 90% and so to a more homogenous orbit coverage.     

非圆轨道卫星实现共面悬停的方法

通过矢量控制,使任务卫星始终在目标卫星的轨道平面内飞行,同时保证"任务卫星-目标卫星-地心"的夹角和两颗卫星间的相对距离保持不变,从而实现共面悬停飞行。重点进行了任务卫星悬停飞行的动力学理论分析,推导了悬停飞行过程中任务卫星相对于目标卫星的径向和切向加速度需求,给出了开环控制方案,对不同悬停任务的能量需求进行了对比分析,最后对悬停飞行过程进行了动力学仿真。     

基于支持向量机方法的地球同步轨道相对论电子事件预报模型研究

提出了一种基于支持向量机方法(SVM)的地球同步轨道相对论电子事件预报模型. 模型以平均影响值(MIV)作为指标, 筛选出预报输入参量. 这些参量包括, 前一日的大于2MeV电子日积分通量、太阳风速度、太阳风密度、Dst指数和前二日的AE指数. 模型包含回归和分类两个部分, 可以分别对未来一天的电子日积分通量和相对论电子事件强度的级别做出预报. 对2008年样本进行测试, 在相对论电子通量的预报中, 预报值和实测值之间的线性相关系数为0.85, 预报效率为0.71; 对相对论电子事件级别预报的准确率为82%, 可以较准确区分开事件状态与非事件状态. 结果表明, SVM预报模型对相对论电子事件有较好的预报效果.      

太阳同步轨道真空紫外光电倍增管的高能粒子屏蔽方法研究

空间辐射环境是导致光电倍增管性能衰变甚至失效的主要原因, 由于空间辐射环境的复杂性以及飞行器在空间活动的轨道、设计寿命和光电倍增管的类型不同, 光电倍增管需要的抗辐射屏蔽要求不同. 以太阳同步轨道高能粒子辐射环境为例, 对真空紫外光电倍增管进行了辐射屏蔽的Monte-Carlo计算, 在此基础上提出了运行于该轨道上的真空紫外光电倍增管的高能粒子屏蔽优化组合. 模拟计算表明, 采用Al-W-Al三层结构的屏蔽组合形式, 其中Al层厚2mm, W厚 0.5mm,可将辐射剂量从原本的9.98× 106rad (Si)降低到 8.41× 102rad (Si), 能较好地满足实际使用要求.