HS125型水力测功器在涡轴发动机高空模拟试验中工作特性分析

HS-125型水力测功器是SB121小型航空动力装置高空模拟试车台测量涡轴涡桨发动机输出功率的关键设备。本文简要介绍了HS-125型水力测功器工作原理、主要技术指标、试验程序,概述了试验过程中出现的问题和处理方法。经过数据处理和分析,验证了水力测功器的一些特性,对正确使用和维护水力测功器具有一定的指导作用。     

动量轮在轨状态可靠性贝叶斯网络建模与评估

卫星动量轮在轨运行环境复杂,并且无失效数据,难以利用传统方法进行可靠性建模与评估。为此,提出一种利用贝叶斯网络融合动量轮各种试验信息及轴温和电流等遥测数据的可靠性建模与评估方法。基于失效分析建立贝叶斯网络拓扑结构,根据试验数据估计网络参数,而后,通过贝叶斯网络的推理得到动量轮可靠度的点估计和区间估计,并利用在轨遥测数据实时评估动量轮可靠性,获得动量轮可靠性变化趋势比较明显的遥测数据取值区间。该方法对动量轮实时状态监控具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

Performance of GPS-based accelerometry: A simulation experiment

Recent studies have shown that with the availability of high-quality CHAMP and GRACE gravity field models, it is feasible to determine accurate non-gravitational accelerations for low Earth orbiting satellites indirectly from precise GPS satellite-to-satellite observations. Possible applications of this so-called GPS-based accelerometry approach consist of accelerometer calibration and atmospheric density and wind computations. With the growing number of high-quality space-borne GPS receivers, this method could be applied to a large range of satellites. In this paper an extensive simulation study has been carried out, based on real accelerometer data from the GRACE mission, in order to determine the optimal processing strategy and the resulting accuracy of the estimated non-gravitational accelerations. It is shown that the optimal processing strategy consists of a piecewise linear parameterization of the estimated empirical accelerations, together with short 6-h orbit arcs. The GPS-based accelerometry approach makes use of triple-differenced GPS observations and the impact of considering the correlated observation noise was found to be marginal in the presence of other error sources such as GPS ephemeris errors. Using a priori non-gravitational force models improves the recovery of low temporal resolution accelerations, except during huge geomagnetic storms. With this strategy, non-gravitational accelerations can be recovered during high solar activity with an accuracy of better than 10% of the total signal in along-track direction and around 25–40% in cross-track direction, at time resolutions of around 8–20 min. During solar minimum conditions, the relative recovery error will increase to approximately 50% in along-track direction and around 60–70% in cross-track direction, due to the reduced atmospheric drag signal. Unfortunately, GPS-based accelerometry is hardly sensitive in the radial direction.     

Towards development of a consistent orbit series for TOPEX,Jason-1, and Jason-2

The TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-2 set of altimeter data now provide a time series of synoptic observations of the ocean that span nearly 17 years from the launch of TOPEX in 1992. The analysis of the altimeter data including the use of altimetry to monitor the global change in mean sea level requires a stable, accurate, and consistent orbit reference over the entire time span. In this paper, we describe the recomputation of a time series of orbits that rely on a consistent set of reference frames and geophysical models. The recomputed orbits adhere to the IERS 2003 standards for ocean and earth tides, use updates to the ITRF2005 reference frame for both the SLR and DORIS stations, apply GRACE-derived models for modeling of the static and time-variable gravity, implement the University College London (UCL) radiation pressure model for Jason-1, use improved troposphere modeling for the DORIS data, and apply the GOT4.7 ocean tide model for both dynamical ocean tide modeling and for ocean loading. The new TOPEX orbits have a mean SLR fit of 1.79 cm compared to 2.21 cm for the MGDR-B orbits. These new TOPEX orbits agree radially with independent SLR/crossover orbits at 0.70 cm RMS, and the orbit accuracy is estimated at 1.5–2.0 cm RMS over the entire TOPEX time series. The recomputed Jason-1 orbits agree radially with the Jason-1 GDR-C orbits at 1.08 cm RMS. The GSFC SLR/DORIS dynamic and reduced-dynamic orbits for Jason-2 agree radially with independent orbits from the CNES and JPL at 0.70–1.06 cm RMS. Applying these new orbits, and using the latest altimeter corrections for TOPEX, Jason-1, and Jason-2 from September 1992 to May 2009, we find a global rate in mean sea level of 3.0 ± 0.4 mm/yr.     

“嫦娥一号”卫星的调相轨道设计

中国第一颗月球探测卫星"嫦娥一号"的飞行轨道的设计中采用了调相轨道,在"长征三号甲"运载火箭提供的超地球同步转移轨道与地月转移轨道之间增加了一段由周期为24h和48h轨道构成的环绕地球飞行的调相轨道。为了将几条不同的轨道精确地拼接起来,必须考虑地球引力场对轨道的摄动影响。克服这个难点的做法是基于经典的轨道摄动理论,先将整段调相轨道设计为考虑地球引力场J2项影响的平轨道,在与运载的发射轨道拼接时,先将运载的包括短周期摄动的瞬时轨道转换为平轨道,在与地月转移轨道拼接时将调相轨道转换成拼接点的瞬时轨道。由于采用了平轨道的处理方法使得轨道控制策略的表述十分简明并易于操作。     

基于星历拟合的短弧运动学定轨

当导航卫星在姿轨控和轨道恢复期间,传统的统计定轨理论难以实现精密定轨。首次提出 了基于10参数星历拟合的短弧运动学定轨方法,建立和推导了相应的理论模型和定轨解算方 法。其优点在于不仅能够反映卫星运动的物理学特征,提高了速度和轨道预报精度,而且不 需要累积数据,实现近实时快速计算,克服了动力学法定轨发散和单点定位无法获得速度信 息的不足。对COMPASS M-01导航卫星实测数据的处理表明,10分钟短弧运动学定轨的位置精 度优于10 m,速度精度为2 cm／s,预报5分钟轨道精度为15.02 m,满足了短弧跟踪条件下R DSS对轨道精度的要求,实现了卫星精密定轨。
     

Space debris: Assessing risk and responsibility

We model the orbital debris environment by a set of differential equations with parameter values that capture many of the complexities of existing three-dimensional simulation models. We compute the probability that a spacecraft gets destroyed in a collision during its operational lifetime, and then define the sustainable risk level as the maximum of this probability over all future time. Focusing on the 900- to 1000-km altitude region, which is the most congested portion of low Earth orbit, we find that – despite the initial rise in the level of fragments – the sustainable risk remains below 10^-3${10}^{-3}$ if there is high (>98%) compliance to the existing 25-year postmission deorbiting guideline. We quantify the damage (via the number of future destroyed operational spacecraft) generated by past and future space activities. We estimate that the 2007 FengYun 1C antisatellite weapon test represents ≈1%$\approx 1\%$ of the legacy damage due to space objects having a characteristic size of ?10$?10$ cm, and causes the same damage as failing to deorbit 2.6 spacecraft after their operational life. Although the political and economic issues are daunting, these damage estimates can be used to help determine one-time legacy fees and fees on future activities (including deorbit noncompliance), which can deter future debris generation, compensate operational spacecraft that are destroyed in future collisions, and partially fund research and development into space debris mitigation technologies. Our results need to be confirmed with a high-fidelity three-dimensional model before they can provide the basis for any major decisions made by the space community.     

Propagation errors analysis of TLE data

Orbit position uncertainty is an important factor for collision avoidance issues. For a single object with high frequency historical data, we can attain its position uncertainty easily. But sometimes data is not enough for errors analysis, orbits need to be classified. In this paper error analysis is made from two-line element sets data (TLEs). The Simplified General Perturbations-4 (SGP4) propagator was used. Statistical errors of debris and R/B are given for lower-altitude orbits which are classified by perigee altitude and eccentricity. The errors results and analysis for SSO (the Sun synchronous orbit) typical orbits are obtained. At last atmospheric drag as a main cause of downrange errors in lower-altitude orbit is analyzed. BSTAR in TLEs is modified to improve prediction precision.     

Qualitative estimation of magnetic storm efficiency in producing relativistic electron flux in the Earth’s outer radiation belt using geomagnetic pulsations data

It is well known that during many but not all of the geomagnetic storms enhanced fluxes of high-energy electrons are observed in the outer radiation belt. Here we examine relativistic (>2 MeV) electron fluxes measured by GOES at the synchronous orbit and on-ground observations of two types of ULF pulsations during 30 magnetic storms occurred during 1996–2000. To characterize the effectiveness of the chosen magnetic storms in producing relativistic electron fluxes, following to (Reeves, G.D., McAdams, K.L., Friedel, R.H.W., O’Brien, T.R. Acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons during geomagnetic storms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, doi:10.1029/2002GL016513, 2003), we calculate a ratio of the maximum daily-averaged electron flux measured during the recovery phase, to the mean pre-storm electron flux. A storm is considered an effective one if its ratio exceeds 2. We compare behavior of Pi1 and Pc5 geomagnetic pulsations during effective and non-effective storms and find a tendency for a storm efficiency to be higher when the mid-latitude Pi1 pulsations are observed for a long time during the magnetic storm main phase. We note also that the prolonged powerful Pc5 pulsation activity during the recovery phase of a magnetic storm is the necessary condition for the storm effectiveness. To interpret the found dependences, we suggest that there are two prerequisites for generating relativistic electron populations during a storm: (1) the availability of seed electrons in the magnetosphere, and Pi1 emissions are indicators of the mid-energy electron interaction with the ionosphere and (2) acceleration of the seed electrons to MeV energies, and interaction of electrons with the MHD wave activity in the Pc5 range is one of the most probable mechanisms proposed in the literature for this purpose.     

椭圆轨道卫星编队燃料最优机动实时算法

文章针对椭圆轨道编队卫星最优燃料机动的实时计算问题进行研究。利用LGL伪谱法对问题进行快速求解。由于最优燃料控制为非连续控制,如直接采用伪谱法则只有当离散点数目很大时,才能实现较高精度的编队机动控制,而这会影响算法的实时计算效率。为了克服这方面的不足,文章提出了一种时间尺度变换策略,并结合模型预测的滚动优化方法,设计了一种编队实时机动控制算法。该算法在兼顾解的全局最优性的同时改善了解的局部精确性,最后通过数值仿真验证了所设计算法的有效性。