如何使用示波器探头

示波器探头是测量系统的重要组成部分,其重要任务是确保信号高保真的传送到示波器。与所用示波器匹配适当的探头,对于取得最高的信号保真度和测量精度尤为重要,可靠的探头是完善测试系统的基本要素。从探头的特性、分类、基本工作原理和选型方面介绍如何使用示波器探头。     

稀薄气体效应对尖前缘气动热特性的影响研究

针对未来高超声速巡航飞行器尖化前缘、大升力面的构型特征,分别采用NS方法和DSMC方法,对高超飞行器局部部件的模化外形进行了努森数从0.01~0.5变化时气动特性的计算分析,对比了连续流方法与稀薄流方法所得结果的差异性,给出了稀薄效应对局部气动热特性影响的定量分析,旨在研究局部稀薄气体效应对气动热特性分布的影响规律。结果表明,努森数从0.04~0.5变化时,连续流方法和稀薄流方法所预测的峰值热流差距可达25%~40%,稀薄效应对热流的影响已达到不可忽视的地步。相对于热流而言,物面压力分布对稀薄效应的敏感性较弱,局部热流对这种局部稀薄效应非常敏感。NS方法所预测的结果普遍大于DSMC方法所得结果。
     

无电压取样端直流稳定电源校准专用插头设计

直流稳定电源在实际应用中,其稳压状态的输出电压在电源空载状态时和带载状态时存在一定差值,这个差值被称为稳压负载效应,直流稳定电源的稳压负载效应是体现其输出电压对输出回路中负载变化抑制能力的重要指标。直流稳定电源按其输出端可分为有、无电压取样端两种输出形式。通过分析常用直流稳定电源稳压负载效应校准的连线方法,针对无电压取样端的直流稳定电源设计了一款专用插头,在引入极小测量误差的情况下,使接线更为方便快捷,从而提高校准直流稳定电源的工作效率。     

月面和近月空间环境及其影响

月球探测器所经历的月面和近月空间环境主要包括：月面低重力、月面温度、近月空间辐射、月壤、月尘、月面地形地貌、月面静电等。文章在对月面和近月空间环境研究的基础上,结合国外月球探测器在月球环境方面的研究成果,分析了我国月球探测器所经历的月面和近月空间环境特点及其影响效应,并提出相应的改进措施或必要的试验验证,可为月球探测器的研制提供参考。     

基于CFD-DEM耦合数值模拟的全尺寸直升机沙盲形成机理

为了研究直升机发生沙盲时沙尘云在悬停流场中的状态和分布规律,采用基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和Menter 剪切应力输运（SST）k-ω湍流模型的数值模型,通过应用程序编程接口耦合基于Hertz-Mindlin （No Slip）碰撞接触模型的离散元模型,并基于"多球法"构建了更加真实的非球形沙尘颗粒,计算了沙尘颗粒在流场中的运动和分布状态。与可得到的试验结果进行对比,验证了数值方法的有效性,并进行了地效状态旋翼拉力系数、桨尖涡位置以及沙尘云形成的宏观轮廓图的计算。应用所建立的方法,对不同悬停高度的直升机地效流场进行了计算,给出了流场的涡量以及速度云图,着重对比了不同悬停高度下沙尘云中沙尘颗粒速度和分布情况,分析了地效流场对沙尘颗粒状态的影响及沙尘云的形成机理,并计算出了沙尘云宏观分布图。结果表明：流场中大部分沙尘颗粒只能在地表随流场扩散而并不能形成沙尘云;沙尘云中外层空间的沙尘浓度比内层高;位于桨盘平面下层区域的沙尘颗粒以径向运动为主,切向速度较小,而位于桨盘平面上层的沙尘颗粒速度方向各异,速度大小接近。     

Unusual nighttime impulsive foF2 enhancements at low latitudes: Phenomenology and possible explanations

This paper is focused on unusual nighttime impulsive electron density enhancements that are rarely observed at low latitudes on a wide region of South America, under quiet and medium/high geomagnetic conditions. The phenomenon under investigation is very peculiar because besides being of brief duration, it is characterized by a pronounced compression of the ionosphere. The phenomenon was studied and analyzed using both the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) and the virtual height of the base of the F region (h′F) values recorded at five ionospheric stations widely distributed in space, namely: Jicamarca (−12.0°, −76.8°, magnetic latitude −2.0°), Peru; Sao Luis (−2.6°, −44.2°, magnetic latitude +6.2°), Cachoeira Paulista (−22.4°, −44.6°, magnetic latitude −13.4°), and São José dos Campos (−23.2°, −45.9°, magnetic latitude −14.1°), Brazil; Tucumán (−26.9°, −65.4°, magnetic latitude −16.8°), Argentina. In a more restricted region over Tucumán, the phenomenon was also investigated by the total electron content (TEC) maps computed by using measurements from 12 GPS receivers. A detailed analysis of isoheight ionosonde plots suggests that traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) caused by gravity wave (GW) propagation could play a significant role in causing the phenomenon both for quiet and for medium/high geomagnetic activity; in the latter case however a recharging of the fountain effect, due to electric fields penetrating from the magnetosphere, joins the TID propagation and plays an as much significant role in causing impulsive electron density enhancements.     

计入导线故障的民机安全性定量分析方法研究

将导线故障引入安全性定量分析方法中,介绍了安全性分析的现状、存在的问题以及计入导线故障的必要性。通过将导线故障和安全性分析相结合,提出一种计人导线故障的安全性定量分析方法。对影响导线故障的机理进行探究与分析,提出“导线故障率影响因子”概念,阐述了影响导线故障率的主要因素及其类型,建立了一种民用飞机实际导线故障率计算方法与模型,以及在单一状态和多种状态下导线故障率计算方法,并对方法进行案例分析,使安全性定量分析更准确、有效和完善,大大减少了导线故障所引起的不安全事件,为民用飞机安全性和合格审定工作提供了有力的支持。     

可压缩管流中真实气体效应的理论分析与数值模拟

为研究超燃冲压发动机冷却通道内复杂碳氢燃料的可压缩流动特性及相关影响因素,本文在典型工况条件下讨论了超声速膨胀流中真实气体效应的影响。基于平衡热力学理论,明确了气体动力学基础导数对可压缩流动的关键影响,并从气体动力学基础导数的角度出发考察了多种碳氢燃料在临界点附近的特性。同时,在数值模拟程序中耦合了立方型状态方程以准确描述超临界碳氢燃料的热物性参数。最后,对超临界条件下的二维超声速膨胀流进行了数值模拟,捕捉到了超声速扩张管道流动中马赫数下降的现象并揭示了其相应的物理机制。此外,参考发动机冷却通道内的典型工况条件,系统考察了不同入口马赫数、压力与温度等不同来流条件下真实气体效应的影响规律。     

小尺寸应变天平设计方法研究

Φ0.3m高超声速低密度风洞测力试验模型尺寸小、天平载荷小、流场总温高,天平防热结构设计难,刚度要求和灵敏度要求矛盾突出,测力天平的研制难度大。采用数值仿真和风洞试验相结合的研究方法,对应用于该情况下的内式天平在温度影响和结构设计方面进行了研究。采用有限元方法对天平温度影响和结构应力分布做了详细分析,并对分析结果进行了风洞试验验证。结果表明：在实现天平结构优化设计及提高天平设计的准确性和可靠性方面,有限元分析设计方法是非常有效的技术途径。     

An improved prediction model for corner stall in axial compressors with dihedral effect

Corner stall predictions are important and difficult in axial compressors. However, all of the prediction models have proved to be ineffective for advanced compressor blades, which tend to use the combined sweep and dihedral. As for the prediction parameter DL, although it effectively modeled the effects of the adverse pressure gradient and secondary flow, it failed to predict the corner stall of curved blades because the model failed to consider the intersection of the boundary layer at the corner region. In this paper, the shape factor gradient Ψ of the boundary layer at the corner region was investigated by numerically studying specially shaped expansion pipes under different adverse pressure gradients. The improved prediction parameter DJ was presented based on the model of Ψ and the circumferential pressure gradient ξ. A comparison of the critical range of the prediction parameters DL and DJ was investigated using the NACA65 cascade database, which was established by a numerical method. Then, the stall criterion was validated according to the experimental results of various test facilities with different blade geometries and experimental conditions. The results show that the improved prediction parameter is able to predict the corner separation/stall flows and is in good agreement with the experimental results for axial compressors with three-dimensional designed blades.