冷却系统阻力对汽车总阻力影响的数值预测模型研究

采用CFD方法数值模拟了小型汽车发动机冷却系统对全车阻力的影响特性.汽车的内部及外部(发动机舱及舱内)均设置了数值模拟网格.分别计算了散热器及风扇对阻力的影响,采用本校实验结果(散热器压力损失)及制造商提供的数据(散热器及风扇的质量流率)确定初始及边界条件,为基于RNS的CFD提供输入.对汽车轮胎运动模式及行驶速度对散热系统阻力及汽车总阻的影响特性也进行了计算分析.预测结果表明,冷却系统阻力占汽车总阻的6.9％,与实测值吻合.     

LAGOON起落架缩比模型机轮空腔发声机理试验

在国际上关于LAGOON(LAnding Gear nOise database for civil aviation authority validatiON)起落架的研究中发现,机轮空腔噪声是一个重要的噪声源,为了研究其产生机理,本文以LAGOON模型的1/2缩比模型为试验对象,在北京航空航天大学D5气动声学风洞中进行试验。已有LAGOON模型数值模拟结果表明,过顶和侧边噪声中的纯音噪声与机轮空腔息息相关。并在LAGOON缩比模型试验结果的基础上,利用空腔填充的方法重点展开机轮空腔发声机理研究。通过对比不同填充方式的模型噪声试验,结合已有的半经验公式和前人成果,验证了空腔噪声中纯音噪声的产生机理与机轮空腔的声学共振现象有密切关系。     

In situ measurements of ionospheric plasma turbulence over five frequency decades: Heritage flight of the Plasma Local Anomalous Noise Experiment (PLANE)

Observations of ionospheric plasma density and frequency-dependent broadband plasma turbulence made during the heritage flight of the Plasma Local Anomalous Noise Experiment (PLANE) are presented. Rather than record high frequency time series data, the experiment was designed to record Power Spectral Distributions (PSDs) in five decadal frequency bins with upper limits ranging from 1.0 Hz to 10 kHz. Additionally, PLANE was designed distinguish turbulence in the ambient plasma from that local to the spacecraft. The instrument consists of two retarding potential analyzers (RPAs) connected together via a feedback loop to force one analyzer into the I–V trace retardation region at all times. Fluctuations in this measurement are believed to be ambient only as the RPA’s voltage would be too high for locally turbulent plasma to surmount the potential barrier, which is nominally at ram energy. The instrument requires pointing along the spacecraft’s ram velocity vector to make this measurement, thus requiring stabilization in pitch and yaw. During PLANE’s heritage flight, though the satellite’s attitude control system failed early in the mission, plasma data were collected during opportune times in which the instrument rotated into and out of the ram. Observations of plasma density and PSDs of high frequency plasma turbulence were recorded on several occasions. Additionally, a plasma source onboard the satellite was used to generate artificial plasma turbulence, and the PLANE data observed periodic structure presumably associated with the rotation of the spacecraft during these source firings. A brief comparison with other high frequency in situ plasma instruments is presented.     

空间电推进的推力测量方法研究现状

在空间电推进的研发和规划中,推力的精确测量具有非常重要的意义。近年来,随着电推进复杂程度和任务难度的不断增加,对其推力性能评价技术及方法提出了更高的要求。针对该需求,介绍了当前空间电推进的推力测量方法及其工作原理、技术特点和应用案例。测力方式主要有直接测量和间接测量,其中直接测量主要包括天平式、扭转式、摆式,间接测量主要包括靶式和悬臂梁式。通过对比分析各种测力方式之间的区别和优缺点,为开发者的测力系统设计提供了相应的参考。对测力过程中的系统设计、系统标定、系统响应、系统响应的测量以及计算推力五个环节中可能出现的各种关键问题分别进行了详细阐述,并提出针对性的改进方法,同时结合空间电推进领域的发展趋势及其对推力测量的需求,为未来的研究给出了针对性的建议。     

壁压法在NH-2风洞中的应用

本文介绍了一种由Hackett在1981年提出的利用测量风洞壁面静压来进行大迎角、大堵塞洞壁干扰修正的方法,并用该方法编写了Fortran程序。对四个几何相似不同尺寸的模型,在NH-2风洞中进行了试验,试验和计算的结果表明,堵塞度从1.56％到16.7％的四个模型,其升力系数和阻力系数经洞壁干扰修正后非常接近。但必须指出,对于带平衡缝的闭口回流风洞,从壁面测量所得到的静压必须加以修正,才能成功地应用这种方法。     

新型传感器——声表面波位移传感器和声表面波加速度计

本文讨论了用声表面波(SAW)位移传感器进行微小位移测量的两种方法:一种是用两个石英基片来组成 SAW 延迟线振荡器进行位移测量;另一种是利用一个石英基片来组成 SAW 谐振器(SAWR)或延迟线振荡器来实现位移测量。这两种方法对于精密工业的位移测量及其可以转化为位移测量的其它物理参量的测量都是十分有用的。本文还介绍了两大类型的 SAW 加速度计:一种是以伸张应力效力为基础的 SAW加速度计,它的敏感元件发生的是伸张或压缩变形;另一种是以弯曲应力效应为基础的SAW加速度计,它的敏感元件发生的是弯曲变形。另外,本文还对 SAW 加速度计的性能进行了分析、讨论。     

The Rosetta Lander (“Philae”) Investigations

The paper describes the Rosetta Lander named Philae and introduces its complement of scientific instruments. Philae was launched aboard the European Space Agency Rosetta spacecraft on 02 March 2004 and is expected to land and operate on the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at a distance of about 3 AU from the Sun. Its overall mass is ~98 kg (plus the support systems remaining on the Orbiter), including its scientific payload of ~27 kg. It will operate autonomously, using the Rosetta Orbiter as a communication relay to Earth. The scientific goals of its experiments focus on elemental, isotopic, molecular and mineralogical composition of the cometary material, the characterization of physical properties of the surface and subsurface material, the large-scale structure and the magnetic and plasma environment of the nucleus. In particular, surface and sub-surface samples will be acquired and sequentially analyzed by a suite of instruments. Measurements will be performed primarily during descent and along the first five days following touch-down. Philae is designed to also operate on a long time-scale, to monitor the evolution of the nucleus properties. Philae is a very integrated project at system, science and management levels, provided by an international consortium. The Philae experiments have the potential of providing unique scientific outcomes, complementing by in situ ground truth the Rosetta Orbiter investigations. Philae team members are listed in the acknowledgements     

Solar wind electron density and temperature over solar cycle 23: Thermal noise measurements on Wind

We present the solar wind plasma parameters obtained from the Wind spacecraft during more than nine years, encompassing almost the whole solar cycle 23. Since its launch in November 1994 Wind has frequently observed the in-ecliptic solar wind upstream of the Earth’s bow shock. The WIND/WAVES thermal noise receiver was specially designed to measure the in situ plasma thermal noise spectra, from which the electron density and temperature can be accurately determined. We present and discuss histograms of such measurements performed from 1994 to 2003. Using these large data sets, we study the density and core temperature variations with solar activity cycle and with different regimes of the solar wind. We confirm the anticorrelation of the electron density with the sunspot number, and obtain a positive correlation of the core temperature, with the sunspot number.     

Neutral Atmospheres of the Giant Planets: An Overview of Composition Measurements

Measurements of the chemical composition of the giant planets provide clues of their formation and evolution processes. According to the currently accepted nucleation model, giant planets formed from the initial accretion of an icy core and the capture of the protosolar gas, mosly composed of hydrogen and helium. In the case of Jupiter and Saturn (the gaseous giants), this gaseous component dominates the composition of the planet, while for Uranus and Neptune (the icy giants) it is only a small fraction of the total mass. The measurement of elemental and isotopic ratios in the giant planets provides key diagnostics of this model, as it implies an enrichment in heavy elements (as well as deuterium) with respect to the cosmic composition. Neutral atmospheric constituents in the giant planets have three possible sources: (1) internal (fromthe bulk composition of the planet), (2) photochemical (fromthe photolysis ofmethane) and(3) external (from meteoritic impacts, of local or interplanetary origin). This paper reviews our present knowledge about the atmospheric composition in the giant planets, and their elemental and istopic composition. Measurements concerning key parameters, like C/H, D/H or rare gases in Jupiter, are analysed in detail. The conclusion addresses open questions and observations to be performed in the future.     

A Novel Stable Clustering Design Method for Hierarchical Satellite Network

This article proposes a novel stable clustering design method for hierarchical satellite network in order to increase its stability, reduce the overhead of storage and exert effective control of the delay performances based on a 5-dimensional vector model. According to the function of stability measurement and owing to the limitation of minimal average routing table length, the hierarchical satellite network is grouped into separate stable connected clusters to improve destruction resistance and reconstruction ability in the future integrated network. In each cluster, redundant communication links with little contribution to network stability and slight influences on delay variation are deleted to satisfy the requirements for stability and connectivity by means of optimal link resources, and, also, the idea of logical weight is introduced to select the optimal satellites used to communicate with neighboring cluster satellites. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by comparing it with the simulated performances of other two typical hierarchical satellite networks, double layer satellite constellation(DLSC) and satellite over satellite(SoS).