神舟六号载人飞船及其技术改进

介绍了我国第二次载人航天飞行试验的目标和主要任务，给出了神舟六号载人飞船的主要任务和技术指标，以及构型与布局、子系统设置与设备配套、飞行方案、发射窗口和飞行轨道等技术状态。概述了神舟五号飞船飞行试验问题归零、飞行任务引起的更改、提高产品可靠性的更改、其他原因引起的更改和工艺流程的变化等部分技术改进。神舟六号载人飞船飞行试验的成功表明，其技术可满足多人多天空间飞行的要求。     

钱学森指导下的早期卫星准备工作

20世纪60年代初,四人小组在钱学森先生直接指导下为发展我国人造卫星进行早期准备工作。文章详细介绍了四人小组在钱学森先生指导下搜集学习国外有关卫星和空间技术的资料,编制《1964-1973年中国空间技术发展规划》（草案）,为大学生讲授星际航行概论课,以及担任星际航行座谈会秘书等工作。     

Might astronauts one day be treated like return samples?

The next time humans set foot on the Moon or another planet, will we treat the crew like we would a sample return mission when they come back to Earth? This may seem a surprising or even provocative question, but it is one we need to address. The hurdles and hazards of sending humans to Mars – for example, the technology constraints and physiological and psychological challenges – are many; but let us not forget the need to protect populations and environments from the risk of contamination [United Nations, treaty on principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies (the “Outer Space Treaty”) referenced 610 UNTS 205 - resolution 2222(XXI) of December 1966].     

中国载人航天技术的历史性跨越

论述了发展载人航天工程对于增强综合国力和民族凝聚力、充分利用空间环境资源、明显降低空间飞行器的成本和风险、促进科技进步和高技术产业发展的重要意义;还论述了飞船研制返回再入升力控制技术、环境控制与生命保障技术、仪表与照明技术、人工运动控制技术、着陆缓冲技术、应急救生技术、回收着陆技术、再入防热技术取得的重大科技创新成果。     

航天器内环境模拟技术

在载人航天中,航天员的辐射危险性是必须受到重视的问题。航天器的内环境是一个复杂的复合场,受外部辐射场和屏蔽材料等多种因素的影响,单一的探测技术很难探测得到内部辐射场的性质特点,而且无法对辐射危害进行评估。文章从射线与物质相互作用的角度出发,对NASA所用航天器内环境的模拟技术进行了介绍,并介绍了根据我国国情已往开展的相关研究工作,包括在Geant4软件包的基础上,将射线与物质相互作用的处理方法进行扩展,开发新的软件,编制SRP(Space Radiation Protection)程序等。     

舱外机动装置控制技术的实时仿真研究

舱外载人机动装置的姿态控制为非线性时变,并且带有不确定参数的系统控制问题,传统的控制理论难以处理该问题.为了验证自适应控制方法对该问题的处理以及该方法在工程上的实用性,因此在dSPACE平台上建立了半物理仿真系统,该系统真实模拟了现实环境并且仿真出真实可靠的结果,从而验证了自适应控制方法对于控制舱外机动装置具有良好的控制特性.      

载人飞船总装过程中舱内环境污染的控制

针对载人飞船在总装过程中因灰尘控制不够和舱内空气不能有效流通而造成舱内环境污染的问题,提出了解决方案。重点介绍了变风量换气除尘设备的应用及其功能,阐述了工作原理并做了计算。该方案在实践中已取得较满意的效果。     

有效载荷机柜结构优化设计

有效载荷机柜是载人航天器密封舱内安装有效载荷的重要结构,在设计上既要具备一定的刚度保证,以满足发射力学环境要求,又要通过减轻自身重量来提高有效载荷发射能力。文章根据载人航天器密封舱的基本结构设计要求,完成了有效载荷机柜结构的基线设计,进行了有效载荷机柜的有限元建模和模态分析,以减重为目标,刚度为约束条件,完成了有效载荷机柜结构优化设计,并基于敏感度分析得到了有效载荷机柜结构设计参数对其刚度的影响关系。文章的分析思路和研究结果对工程设计具有指导意义。     

Vegetable production facility as a part of a closed life support system in a Russian Martian space flight scenario

A Manned Mars Mission scenario had been developed in frame of the Project 1172 supported International Science & Technology Center in Moscow. The Mars transit vehicle (MTV) supposed to have a crew of 4–6 with Pilot Laboratory compartment volume of 185 m³ and with inner diameter of 4.1 m. A vegetable production facility with power consumption up to 10 kW is being considered as a component of the life support system to supply crew members by fresh vegetables during the mission. Proposed design of conveyor-type plant growth facility (PGF) comprised of 4-modules. Each module has a cylindrical planting surface and spiral cylindrical LED assembly to provide a high specific productivity relative to utilized onboard resources. Each module has a growth chamber that will be from 0.7 m to 1.5 m in length, and a crop illuminated area from 1.7 m² to 4.0 m². Leafy crops (cabbage, lettuce, spinach, chard, etc.) have been selected for module 1, primarily because of the highest specific productivity per consumed resources. Dietitians have recommended also carrot crop for module 2, pepper for module 3 and tomato for module 4. The maximal total PGF light energy estimated as 1.16 kW and total power consumption as about 7 kW. The module 1 characteristics have been calculated using own experimental data, information from the best on ground plant growth experiments with artificial light were used to predict crop productivity and biomass composition in the another modules. 4-module PGF could produce nearly 0.32 kg per crew member per day of fresh edible biomass, which would be about 50% of recommended daily vegetable supplement. An average crop harvest index is estimated as 0.75. The MTV food system could be entirely closed in terms of vitamins C and A with help of the PGF. In addition the system could provide 10–25% of essential minerals and vitamins of group B, and about 20% of food fibers. The present state of plant growth technology allows formulating of requirements specification for the flight-qualified modules.     

Space life and biomedical sciences in support of the global exploration roadmap and societal development

The human exploration of space is pushing the boundaries of what is technically feasible. The space industry is preparing for the New Space era, the momentum for which will emanate from the commercial human spaceflight sector, and will be buttressed by international solar system exploration endeavours. With many distinctive technical challenges to be overcome, human spaceflight requires that numerous biological and physical systems be examined under exceptional circumstances for progress to be made. To effectively tackle such an undertaking significant intra- and international coordination and collaboration is required. Space life and biomedical science research and development (R & D) will support the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) by enabling humans to ‘endure’ the extreme activity that is long duration human spaceflight. In so doing the field will discover solutions to some of our most difficult human health issues, and as a consequence benefit society as a whole. This space-specific R&D will drive a significant amount of terrestrial biomedical research and as a result the international community will not only gain benefits in the form of improved healthcare in space and on Earth, but also through the growth of its science base and industry.