月球探测器动力系统发展现状及对策

对苏联和美国的月球计划进行了综述,结合苏联/俄罗斯和美国月球计划的探测器动力系统的发展现状及我国探月计划的探测器动力系统的基本要求,提出了我国探月计划探测器动力系统发展应采取的策略。     

Two-maneuver indirect contingency return from a low lunar orbit

The problem of contingency return from the low lunar orbit is studied. A novel two-maneuver indirect return strategy is proposed. By effectively using the Earth’s gravity to change the orbital plane of the transfer orbit, the second maneuver in the well-known three-maneuver return strategy can be removed, so the total delta-v is reduced. Compared with the single-maneuver direct return, our strategy has the advantage in that the re-entry epoch for the minimum delta-v cost can be advanced in time, with a minimum delta-v value similar to that of the direct return. The most obvious difference between our strategy and the traditional single- or multiple- maneuver strategies is that the complete transfer orbit is a patch between a two-body conic orbit and a three-body orbit instead of two conic orbits. Our strategy can serve as a useful option for contingency return from a low lunar orbit, especially when the delta-v constraint is stringent for a direct return and the contingency epoch is far away from the return window.     

基于改进ORB的月面着陆视觉导航的配准方法

月球探测器在下降着陆过程中探测到的月面图像灰度均匀,缺少纹理信息,而视觉辅助导航采用传统ORB算法对灰度均匀的月面图像检测出的特征点数量较少,容易出现团簇现象,因此提出一种基于改进ORB算法的图像特征提取与匹配算法。首先对月面图像构建金字塔尺度空间模型,设置自适应阈值并构建掩膜逐一分块检测特征点;然后采用非极大值抑制使特征点分布均匀,消除聚集现象再进行特征匹配;最后结合渐进一致采样算法剔除误匹配,并计算下降序列图像间的位置变换关系。实验结果表明:该方法对于存在大尺度、旋转变化情况下的月面图像,在匹配精度方面比ORB提高10%～13%,在月面着陆视觉导航应用方面具有较好的适用性。     

模块化月球表层采样力学模型

因不受作业空间的限制，月球表层采样机具设计形式多样，为建模分析带来较大难度。为避免不同结构机具分析时重复建模，建立了一种模块化的月球表层采样力学模型。该模型将复杂的采样机具拆分成若干个基本面单元，基于朗肯土压力理论、最大抗剪强度理论和地基极限承载力理论对面单元在采样过程中的受力进行分析，组合各个面单元所受到的力获得复杂机具的力学模型。基于不同机具形式与贯入角度的模拟月壤贯入试验，对理论模型进行了试验验证，通过引入月壤密度沿深度的影响修正公式，将理论模型的误差率降低至8.2%。结果证明该力学模型和模块化理论可行，为后期月球表层采样机具的设计研发提供了参考。     

我国载人航天电源系统的技术发展成就及趋势

载人航天电源系统是一个庞大的系统工程，状态复杂、可靠性要求高、技术难度大。本文在阐述我国载人航天电源系统组成和特点的基础上，从电源系统架构、太阳电池翼、储能电池组、并网控制以及在轨维修与更换等方面，详细论述了我国载人航天电源系统的各阶段技术突破和技术引领，并对后续载人月球探测提出展望，梳理了能源系统重点研究方向和关键技术，为未来载人月球探测任务顺利实施奠定技术基础。     

一种多源测距与视觉惯性融合的月球车定位方法

针对月球车月面探测活动任务中对高精度定位的需求,当前视觉惯性定位方法存在误差累积,并且在缺乏先验环境信息时无法消除,基于三角测量原理的无线电定位方法可以通过测量接收端到至少三个不同发射端的距离来确定目标物体位置,但需要架设三台以上基站,因此难以满足月面环境下大范围定位的需求。文章提出了一种基于基站无线测距和视觉惯性里程计融合定位方法,以解决上述定位手段存在的问题。该方法首先利用视觉惯性里程计构建的环境模型将WIFI、UHF和UWB三类无线电基站测距信息进行融合,然后将测距结果和视觉IMU信息进行位置联合解算来确定月球车位置,最后在Matlab和Gazebo软件平台上进行仿真验证,在距离基站最远行进1500米的条件下实现了0.92米定位误差。实验结果表明,该方法能够在满足月面探测任务对于精准定位的需求。     

载人月球科研试验站建设规划及设想

进入21世纪以来，月球再次成为太空探索的焦点，许多国家提出各自的探月计划。区别于在美国60年前完成的阿波罗工程，未来月球探测的重点聚焦月球的长期建设与开发。如何充分利用当前的技术积累，在有限的运载能力和合理的发射运营成本条件下，建设载人月球科研试验站，实现月球极端环境下的长期运行是一个值得关注和研究的课题。结合当前国内外载人航天与探月工程发展情况，提出我国载人月球科研试验站人货分落、分段建设的规划设想。通过对安全性设计、乘组规模、环控生保需求、选址等展开分析，明确初步月球科研试验站建设需求，并提出满足2人长期月面驻留“2+1”构型月球科研试验站方案。     

Parameterized design of abort trajectories with a lunar flyby for a crewed mission

This article proposes an analytical preliminary design method for abort trajectory with a lunar flyby and the trajectory ergodic representation based on parameterization, as well as their application in studying the abort trajectories’ characteristics. First, by introducing two parameters, the perilune altitude and the perilune transfer time, the preliminary solution is developed parametrically using pseudostate theory to connect two special Lambert processes. The fast convergence of the improved differential correction under the high-fidelity gravity field verifies the accuracy of the proposed preliminary design method. Next, the two parameters are regarded as a set of variables to define an abort trajectory. Based on this, an ergodic representation of the abort trajectory with a certain abort time is yielded using the proposed design method, which offers a global view of the feasible abort trajectories. In addition, the influences of some factors on the performance of these abort trajectories are investigated based on the proposed design method and ergodic representation. The simulation results show that the abort time and the transfer time of the nominal trajectory significantly affect the ergodic representation and characteristics of the abort trajectory.     

Four-body cislunar quasi-periodic orbits and their application to ballistic lunar transfer design

Examining the properties of quasi-periodic orbits provides insight into the Sun-perturbed environment in cislunar space. In this investigation, quasi-periodic trajectories and their properties are explored in the Sun-Earth-Moon four-body problem. Computation and the stability characteristics of families of invariant tori are detailed. Furthermore, this investigation offers a framework for construction of ballistic lunar transfer trajectories in the four-body problem. The framework leverages manifold trajectories to supply a set of initial conditions for construction of periapsis Poincaré maps. Periapsis maps reduce the dimensionality of the space and illuminate solutions of interest as a basis to produce feasible families of transfers. Through a continuation process, families of ballistic transfers and families of transfers that include powered lunar flybys are constructed. Ultimately, these solutions supply an initial guess for transition to the Sun-Earth-Moon ephemeris model.     

FY-3(05)星主动对月定标控制技术研究

月球是低轨气象卫星载荷进行外定标的一个理想目标,不同载荷通过观测月球可以建立统一的参考基准,提高相互之间的数据匹配性。对于低轨卫星,月球一般每月一次进入载荷的视场,但停留时间只有几秒钟。为进一步提高对月定标的观测时长,积累更多的观测数据,本文针对低轨偏置动量卫星提出了一种主动对月定标控制方案,通过卫星平台的姿态控制,使月球在载荷视场中停留30 min以上。仿真结果表明:对月定标过程中卫星姿态控制精度满足指标要求,具备工程应用条件。