载人月面着陆及起飞技术初步研究

载人登月任务中最具特色的就是载人月面着陆及起飞过程,其技术体系丰富,是影响载人登月任务成败的关键环节。文章详细分析了载人月面着陆及起飞阶段的飞行方案,阐述了载人任务与无人任务设计准则上的区别,剖析了载人月面着陆及起飞技术的内涵。此外重点分析了低温推进剂蒸发量控制技术、10∶1深度变推力液体发动机技术、发动机推力矢量控制技术、大承载着陆缓冲技术、发动机羽流导流与防护技术、月尘清除及防护技术等六项与载人登月舱推进系统和结构系统相关的关键技术,分析提出了相应的技术途径和解决方案,对深入认识载人登月飞行器系统的技术体系及技术难度具有重要意义。     

航空发动机砂尘吸入物静电监测仿真实验

提出了航空发动机砂尘吸入物静电监测的仿真实验方法,实验以软件ANSYS电磁场分析模块建立有限元模型为基础,模拟不同粒径、荷质比、运动速度及质量浓度情况下砂尘吸入物的静电感应信号,并分别从时域与频域对感应电荷与电压信号进行分析,研究砂尘吸入物的粒径及其他宏观参数与静电监测信号之间的关系,建立用以表征砂尘颗粒粒径大小的特征指标。基于IDMS(进气监测系统)感应电压信号功率谱密度分布建立了特征向量,并以其曼哈顿距离与欧氏距离作为特征指标表征砂尘颗粒粒径大小。经仿真实验验证:特征指标与砂尘粒径呈正相关,且不受砂尘吸入物运动速度及荷质比变化的影响,但受砂尘吸入物质量浓度影响。进一步研究将利用质量浓度对特征指标进行修正,并开展验证实验。      

Observations of Extended Radio Emission in Clusters

We review observations of extended regions of radio emission in clusters; these include diffuse emission in ‘relics’, and the large central regions commonly referred to as ‘halos’. The spectral observations, as well as Faraday rotation measurements of background and cluster radio sources, provide the main evidence for large-scale intracluster magnetic fields and significant densities of relativistic electrons. Implications from these observations on acceleration mechanisms of these electrons are reviewed, including turbulent and shock acceleration, and also the origin of some of the electrons in collisions of relativistic protons by ambient protons in the (thermal) gas. Improved knowledge of non-thermal phenomena in clusters requires more extensive and detailed radio measurements; we briefly review prospects for future observations.     

Metallic and Oxidized Aluminum Debris Impacting the Trailing Edge of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF)

A total of 87 microcraters >30 m in diameter that were found in gold substrates exposed on the trailing edge of the non-spinning Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) yielded analyzable projectile residues in their interiors. Using qualitative SEM-EDS analysis methods, some 60 of these craters were formed by natural cosmic-dust particles, while 27 residues (31%) were assigned to orbital debris (Hörz et al., 1993). The far majority of the orbital-debris impacts, 24 (89%) of the 27 events, contained only aluminum in their X-ray spectra. The present study evaluates these aluminum-rich residues in detail and employs a windowless X-ray detector, which permits for the analysis of low-Z elements and specifically of oxygen. This makes it possible to discriminate between oxidized (Al₂O₃) and metallic (Al) projectiles from dramatically different sources, the former produced during solid-fuel rocket firings, the latter resulting from explosively or collisionally disrupted spacecraft.Of the 24 craters analyzed with the windowless detector, 13 (54%) contained Al₂O₃ and 11 (46%) yielded structurally disintegrated Al metal. The oxidized residues preferentially occur in the smaller craters, all <60 m in diameter. Corresponding particles on LDEF's trailing edge are <35 m in diameter. Some 70% of this particle population is composed of Al₂O₃. Although solid-fuel rocket exhaust products are typically <5 m in size, they tend to coagulate into crusts at the rocket nozzle to be shed occasionally as relatively large, aggregate particles. Structurally disintegrated, metallic fragments compose one-third of all particles <35 m, but they dominate all particles >35 m, and thus all craters >60 m. These findings clearly establish that solid-rocket exhaust particles, as well as explosively or collisionally produced debris, exist in low-inclination, high-eccentricity orbits in sufficient quantities that they must be accounted for in models describing the present and future orbital-debris population at typical Shuttle and Space Station altitudes.     

火星尘埃对太阳电池阵的影响与电帘除尘研究

火星表面大量尘埃在太阳电池阵表面的累积将会导致其输出功率下降,甚至使太阳电池阵功能失效。近年来,电帘除尘方法被认为是在火星着陆任务中进行尘埃防护最有效的手段之一。本文开展了火星尘埃累积对三结砷化镓太阳电池性能影响的实验研究,得到了火星尘埃累积量与太阳电池电压、电流和相对输出功率数值模型;通过除尘技术分析,确定电帘除尘装置构型;依据制备得到的除尘电帘,对不同火星尘埃累积下电帘的除尘效率进行了研究,为火星着陆太阳电池阵遥测数据分析和开发自适应除尘太阳电池阵提供有力的技术支持。     

封闭圆柱形粉尘爆炸罐内扬尘诱导湍流特性的确定

采用热线风速仪和系综平均法测定和研究了封闭圆柱形粉尘爆炸罐内扬尘湍流的瞬态特性,并与球形爆炸容器内已测定的扬尘湍流瞬态特性进行了比较,对系综平均法用于扬尘湍流的测量误差与测量次数的关系进行了探讨。     

高温热源羽流流场及伴生粉尘控制特性

采用CFD数值模拟软件对高温热源上部接受罩的羽流温度场和速度场进行分析,比较不同工况下上部伞形接受罩对高温烟气的控制特性,同时提出合理设置排风罩位置和风量的措施。     

燃气发生器旋风式过滤器除尘效率数值模拟

旋风式燃气过滤器是一种对燃气发生器产生的燃气进行过滤的装置 ,入口倾角和燃气温度的变化都会对其内部流动状况和除尘效率产生影响。用SIMPLE算法和IPSA算法对旋风过滤器内的三维两相流场进行了数值模拟。通过计算发现 ,对于所研究的过滤器 ,最佳入口倾角为 10°左右 ,而温度变化会引起流动状况和除尘效率的较大改变。     

粉尘爆炸与爆炸危险度评价

分析了粉尘爆炸的分类、条件、特性、因素、爆炸极限和最小点火能,重点介绍了粉尘爆炸的机理。在此基础上,采用Fuzzy评价的方法,建立了发生粉尘爆炸的危险度评价模型。     

GEMS at the Galactic Cosmic-Ray Source

Galactic cosmic rays probably predominantly originate from shock-accelerated gas and dust in superbubbles. It is usually assumed that the shock-accelerated dust is quickly destroyed by sputtering. However, it may be that some of the dust can survive bombardment by the high-metallicity gas in the superbubble interior, and that some of that dust has been incorporated into solar system materials. Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) contain enigmatic submicron components called GEMS (Glass with Embedded Metal and Sulfides). These GEMS have properties that closely match those expected of a population of surviving shock-accelerated dust at the GCR source (Westphal and Bradley in Astrophys. J. 617:1131, 2004). In order to test the hypothesis that GEMS are synthesized from shock-accelerated dust in superbubbles, we plan to measure the relative abundances of Fe, Zr, and Mo isotopes in GEMS using the new Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometer at Argonne National Laboratory. If GEMS are synthesized from shock-accelerated dust in superbubbles, they should exhibit isotopic anomalies in Fe, Zr and Mo: specificially, enhancements in the r-only isotopes ⁹⁶Zr and ¹⁰⁰Mo, and separately in ⁵⁸Fe, should be observed. We review also recent developments in observations of GEMS, laboratory synthesis of GEMS-like materials, and implications of observations of GEMS-like materials in Stardust samples.