波纹倾角对填充式波纹夹层结构超高速撞击防护性能影响

基于SPH方法模拟了空间碎片撞击波纹倾角分别为30°、45°、56°和60°的填充式波纹夹层结构的过程,对防护特性进行对比分析,研究了波纹倾角对防护性能的影响。结果表明,撞击形成的碎片云膨胀程度随倾角增大而变大,倾角为56°时的结构对空间碎片破坏最大;4种结构所转化的不可逆功相差很小,倾角对结构不可逆功转换的影响较小;不同倾角的航天器舱壁损伤不同,倾角为56°时航天器舱壁损伤程度最小。     

混凝土房屋结构靶的超高速撞击特性研究

为了研究动能武器对混凝土类目标的毁伤效果,采用试验和数值仿真手段,对钨合金弹丸超高速撞击混凝土房屋结构靶进行了研究,探讨了混凝土房屋结构靶在超高速撞击条件下的毁伤特点。试验所用的钨合金弹丸重35g,长径比为5,撞击速度2．5km/s;混凝土房屋结构靶抗压强度34．4MPa。研究发现：在开展的试验条件下,房屋结构靶顶层板和底层板被穿透,未发生解体破坏;靶体中加筋对靶体的穿孔大小及结构破坏没有明显的降低作用;速度2．5km/s的弹丸经撞击40mm厚混凝土板后的速度降到2．0～2．3km/s 范围内;弹丸超高速撞击混凝土房屋结构顶层板形成的碎片云速度较高,部分碎片对人员具有较强的杀伤效果,该部分碎片的扩张角为23＆#176;,在底层板上的分布范围大于穿孔大小。     

N型防护结构的试验与仿真研究

在不增加空间碎片防护结构整体尺寸和质量的情况下,基于防护结构在斜撞击条件下弹道极限高于正撞击条件下弹道极限的特性,研究了一种将3层平行铝板结构的中间层进行倾斜的N 型防护结构,采用超高速碰撞试验和三维SP H 数值仿真方法,定量对比了N型防护结构与相同面密度3层平行铝板结构的防护性能。研究结果初步证实,在正撞击情况下,倾斜的中间层具有提升结构防护性能的作用。     

充水压力容器超高速撞击特性试验与仿真研究

通过试验和数值仿真研究铝球以约2．5 km/s的速度撞击球形充水压力容器的撞击特性,容器为先充约80％的水再充2．0MPa氮气的球形不锈钢压力容器。结果表明：超高速撞击充水压力容器的主要损伤为穿孔和爆裂;铝球撞击穿透容器后在水中减速明显,未对容器后壁造成明显损伤;压力容器的工作压力相同时,在相近的撞击参数下,设计压力小的压力容器更易发生爆裂。研究结果可为在轨航天器上的压力容器设计和空间碎片防护提供参考。     

NASA 二级轻气炮设备简介

随着人类航天活动日益频繁,地球轨道上空间碎片总数逐年增长。航天器表面空间碎片防护工作受到各航天大国的高度重视。航天器针对毫米级空间碎片主要采用被动防护方式。超高速撞击实验是防护方案设计工作的基础。NASA 在毫米级弹丸超高速撞击实验中采用的主要发射装置为二级轻气炮。本文对美国 NASA 和相关单位二级轻气炮设备及其未来发展趋势进行简要介绍,同时对我国相关单位超高速撞击实验设备进行分析,并对发展趋势进行讨论。     

JF-16膨胀管流场分析及升级改造

膨胀管（风洞）是少数几种具备超高速流动模拟能力的地面试验设备之一,针对中国科学院力学研究所高温气体动力学国家重点实验室的爆轰驱动膨胀管JF-16,通过高焓流动数值模拟方法辅助诊断JF-16的流场特性可以发现,高温真实气体效应可以显著增加激波对气体的压缩能力并影响强激波结构,加速段内试验气流静温及化学成分较真实飞行条件有所偏离。为此对JF-16进行升级改造,通过在加速段末端加装锥形喷管,利用喷管的定常膨胀过程进一步调整试验气流的静温,进而提高试验气流品质,同时可以扩大试验区尺度。数值模拟结果表明8°锥角为最优选择,此时试验区尺度可扩大至140 mm。     

超高速流动模拟及热化学反应模型对比研究

超高速流动是飞行器再入大气层时所面临的高速高温流动环境,膨胀管是少数几种能模拟超高速流动的地面设备之一。采用数值模拟方法对超高速试验进行辅助分析诊断,流动模拟时热化学反应模型的选择对流场特性影响较大,分别选择5组分、11组分热平衡及5组分热非平衡模型,对比研究3种不同热化学反应模型对双楔试验模型数值模拟结果的影响,以进一步评估超高速流动模拟时热化学反应模型的适用范围。结果表明,试验气流条件下5组分化学模型即可满足要求,加速气流条件则必须采取11组分化学模型,而对于流动中热非平衡效应显著时,热化学非平衡模型更为适用。     

Fragment Identification and Statistics Method of Hypervelocity Impact SPH Simulation

A comprehensive treatment to the fragment identification and statistics for the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation of hypervelocity impact is presented. Based on SPH method, combined with finite element method (FEM), the computation is performed. The fragments are identified by a new pre- and post-processing algorithm and then converted into a binary graph. The number of fragments and the attached SPH particles are determined by counting the quantity of connected domains on the binary graph. The size, velocity vector and mass of each fragment are calculated by the particles’ summation and weighted average. The dependence of this method on finite element edge length and simulation terminal time is discussed. An example of tungsten rods impacting steel plates is given for calibration. The computation results match experiments well and demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.     

Impact effects from small size meteoroids and space debris

When the impact risk from meteoroids and orbital debris is assessed the main concern is usually structural damage. With their high impact velocities of typically 10–20 km/s millimeter or centimeter sized objects can puncture pressure vessels and other walls or lead to destruction of complete subsystems or even whole spacecraft. Fortunately chances of collisions with such larger objects are small (at least at present). However, particles in the size range 1–100 μm are far more abundant than larger objects and every orbiting spacecraft will encounter them with certainty. Every solar cell (8 cm² area) of the Hubble Space Telescope encountered on average 12 impacts during its 8.25 years of space exposure. Most were from micron sized particles.     

Preliminary Study on Magnetic Induction Intensity Induced by Plasma During Hypervelocity Impact

An experimental system has been built to produce and measure the magnetic field in the backward ejected matter during hypervelocity impact. The designs of measurement system and coil, the choice of associated equipment, and the system calibration are also described in detail. The measurement of magnetic induction intensity for different given coil positions and azimuth angles are performed with two-stage light-gas gun. On condition that impact velocities are approximately equal and incidence angles are 45°, 60° and 90° respectively, the relationship between average magnetic induction intensity and impact angle at different time spans is obtained. Experimental results show that the average magnetic induction intensity with incidence angle of 90° is larger than those with incidence angles of 45°and 60°.