Finite-time sliding mode attitude control for a reentry vehicle with blended aerodynamic surfaces and a reaction control system

This paper proposes a finite-time robust flight controller, targeting for a reentry vehicle with blended aerodynamic surfaces and a reaction control system(RCS). Firstly, a novel finite-time attitude controller is pointed out with the introduction of a nonsingular finite-time sliding mode manifold. The attitude tracking errors are mathematically proved to converge to zero within finite time which can be estimated. In order to improve the performance, a second-order finite-time sliding mode controller is further developed to effectively alleviate chattering without any deterioration of robustness and accuracy. Moreover, an optimization control allocation algorithm, using linear programming and a pulse-width pulse-frequency(PWPF) modulator, is designed to allocate torque commands for all the aerodynamic surface deflections and on–off switching-states of RCS thrusters.Simulations are provided for the reentry vehicle considering uncertain parameters and external disturbances for practical purposes, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the attitude control system.     

中性浮力和失重环境人体运动仿真比较研究

为了模拟失重状态,航天技术发达的国家都建立了用于航天员出舱活动训练的中性浮力水槽。但与太空失重环境相比,水中存在的水动阻力会导致两种环境下人体运动反馈的差异性。基于ADAMS多体动力学仿真软件,按照“飞天”舱外航天服的质量分布,建立了着舱外服人体动力学模型。利用此模型仿真比较了水下和失重环境中肘关节屈伸、肩内收外展、肩矢状面内运动时人体躯干的动力学反馈,发现水下环境中模型躯干的转动速度峰值和平均值均较大。研究结果已应用于神舟七号载人飞行任务出舱活动航天员训练,建立的航天员人体动力学模型可应用于我国未来空间站任务出舱活动仿真分析。     

基于差动气动增压装置的多次启动一体化动力系统特性

高性能、轻质量、小尺寸的上面级动力系统可以为整个任务节省更多的质量和空间,从而增加有效载荷的质量。提出了一种基于差动气动增压装置的多次启动姿轨控一体化动力系统,动力系统由主发动机系统、姿控发动机系统、一体化供应系统等组成。该动力系统的系统级试验验证结果表明:姿控发动机与主发动机可通过共用贮箱实现推进剂的一体化供应; 主...     

固液捆绑火箭星箭耦合分析技术研究

新一代中型固液捆绑火箭频率低、模态密、全箭动力学特性复杂,助推与芯级之间的力的传递特性在纵横扭方向存在耦合,传统纵横向分离的星箭耦合分析方法无法准确预示星箭界面力学环境。本文针对固液捆绑火箭的特点,建立了星箭耦合系统纵横扭一体化有限元模型;根据火箭飞行特定设计工况建立具有时变飞行特征的外力函数,对火箭特征工况进行了瞬态响应分析;通过子结构内力恢复对固液捆绑火箭的星箭界面力学环境进行了准确预示,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

基于事件触发的异构多智能体最优包含控制

针对异构多智能体系统的输出包含控制问题，提出一种基于边的事件触发最优控制协议，保证所有跟随者的输出能进入到由领航者的输出所形成的凸包中。同时，使系统达到最优性能，最小化控制代价。考虑到不是所有的跟随者都可获得领航者的信息，提出一种基于边的分布式事件触发观测器，估计领航者输出形成的凸包内点的轨迹。设计加权代价函数评价包含控制的性能，并将输出包含问题转化为最优状态反馈控制设计问题。利用贝尔曼方程和黎卡提方程，给出异构多智能体系统最优输出包含控制的参数设计。选择不同类型的机器人构成多智能体系统，验证算法的有效性。     

数字化检验在飞机综合航电系统中的应用

针对以某型飞机为代表的三代机平台,实施航电系统集成模式下数字化检验工作的深入研究。系统地总结了三代机航电系统集成检验的内容、方法和工作流程,结合某型飞机航电系统集成数字化检验,提出了构建三代机航电系统集成数字化检验标准的框架结构,为实现航电系统集成数字化检验标准和手段的发展提供了一个新的理念和经验。     

Utilisation of turboelectric distribution propulsion in commercial aviation: A review on NASA’s TeDP concept

Emissions produced by the aviation industry are currently a severe environmental threat; therefore, aviation agencies and governments have set emission targets and formulated plans to restrict emissions within the next decade. Hybrid aircraft technology is being considered to meet these targets. The importance of these technologies lies in their advancements in terms of aircraft life cycles and environmental benignity. Owing to these advancements, hybrid electric systems with more than one power source have become promising for the aviation industry, considering that the growth of air traffic is projected to double in the next decade. Hybrid technologies have given future hybrid fans and motor-fan engines potential as alternative power generators. Herein, Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion (TeDP) is discussed in terms of power distribution and power sources. The fundamentals of turbofan and turboshaft engines are presented along with their electricity-generation mechanism. TeDP is discussed from a design viewpoint, with a detailed discussion of different types of hybrid electric and turboelectric systems. Examples of proposed TeDP aircraft models and numerical modelling tools used to simulate the performance of TeDP models are reviewed. Finally, innovative turboelectric systems in which electric power savers and mechanical gear changers have been discarded for weight optimisation are presented along with other prospective models, engines, approaches, and architectures. The findings of this review indicate the knowledge gaps in the field of numerical modelling for NASA’s TeDP and its capability to increase the efficiency by up to 24% with a 50% reduction in emissions relative to those of conventional gas turbines.     

Scheduling algorithms for rapid imaging using agile Cubesat constellations

Distributed Space Missions such as formation flight and constellations, are being recognized as important Earth Observation solutions to increase measurement samples over space and time. Cubesats are increasing in size (27U, ～40?kg in development) with increasing capabilities to host imager payloads. Given the precise attitude control systems emerging in the commercial market, Cubesats now have the ability to slew and capture images within short notice. We propose a modular framework that combines orbital mechanics, attitude control and scheduling optimization to plan the time-varying, full-body orientation of agile Cubesats in a constellation such that they maximize the number of observed images and observation time, within the constraints of Cubesat hardware specifications. The attitude control strategy combines bang-bang and PD control, with constraints such as power consumption, response time, and stability factored into the optimality computations and a possible extension to PID control to account for disturbances. Schedule optimization is performed using dynamic programming with two levels of heuristics, verified and improved upon using mixed integer linear programming. The automated scheduler is expected to run on ground station resources and the resultant schedules uplinked to the satellites for execution, however it can be adapted for onboard scheduling, contingent on Cubesat hardware and software upgrades. The framework is generalizable over small steerable spacecraft, sensor specifications, imaging objectives and regions of interest, and is demonstrated using multiple 20?kg satellites in Low Earth Orbit for two case studies – rapid imaging of Landsat’s land and coastal images and extended imaging of global, warm water coral reefs. The proposed algorithm captures up to 161% more Landsat images than nadir-pointing sensors with the same field of view, on a 2-satellite constellation over a 12-h simulation. Integer programming was able to verify that optimality of the dynamic programming solution for single satellites was within 10%, and find up to 5% more optimal solutions. The optimality gap for constellations was found to be 22% at worst, but the dynamic programming schedules were found at nearly four orders of magnitude better computational speed than integer programming. The algorithm can include cloud cover predictions, ground downlink windows or any other spatial, temporal or angular constraints into the orbital module and be integrated into planning tools for agile constellations.     

A biological method of including mineralized human liquid and solid wastes into the mass exchange of bio-technical life support systems

The main obstacle to using mineralized human solid and liquid wastes as a source of mineral elements for plants cultivated in bio-technical life support systems (BLSS) is that they contain NaCl. The purpose of this study is to determine whether mineralized human wastes can be used to prepare the nutrient solution for long-duration conveyor cultivation of uneven-aged wheat and Salicornia europaea L. plant community. Human solid and liquid wastes were mineralized by the method of “wet incineration” developed by Yu. Kudenko. They served as a basis for preparing the solutions that were used for conveyor-type cultivation of wheat community represented by 5 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. Wheat was cultivated hydroponically on expanded clay particles. To reduce salt content of the nutrient solution, every two weeks, after wheat was harvested, 12 L of solution was removed from the wheat irrigation tank and used for Salicornia europaea cultivation in water culture in a conveyor mode. The Salicornia community was represented by 2 age groups, planted with a time interval of 14 days. As some portion of the nutrient solution used for wheat cultivation was regularly removed, sodium concentration in the wheat irrigation solution did not exceed 400 mg/L, and mineral elements contained in the removed portion were used for Salicornia cultivation. The experiment lasted 4 months. The total wheat biomass productivity averaged 30.1 g · m⁻² · day⁻¹, and the harvest index amounted to 36.8%. The average productivity of Salicornia edible biomass on a dry weight basis was 39.3 g · m⁻² · day⁻¹, and its aboveground mass contained at least 20% of NaCl. Thus, the proposed technology of cultivation of wheat and halophyte plant community enables using mineralized human wastes as a basis for preparing nutrient solutions and including NaCl in the mass exchange of the BLSS; moreover, humans are supplied with additional amounts of leafy vegetables.     

超声波预处理的人血小板冻干保存实验

在热孵化的基础上增加超声波辐射以强化海藻糖载入血小板,将处理后的血小板进行冷冻干燥保存,以未经超声波辐射仅受热孵化预处理的血小板为对照组,研究超声波预处理对人血小板冻干保存的影响。结果表明,经25 kHz,0.8 W/cm2的超声波辐射30 min的血小板细胞内海藻糖浓度达到(28.9±4.48)mmol/L,比对照组提高118.9%,超声处理后样品经血液学检测各项指标均为正常。两组血小板同时进行冻干后复水,经检验,样品组冻干血小板数值恢复率为(83.3±4.88)%,血小板分布宽度值(Platelet distribution width,PDW)为(18.9±1.55)%;对照组血小板数值恢复率为(80.8±4.54)%,PDW值为(18.1±1.15)%,两者不存在统计学差异。据此实验结果可以认为,超声波载糖法用于血小板冻干预处理是可行的,这为进一步进行血小板冻干研究提供了参考。