Negative VTEC with spherical harmonic expansion model under different solar activity conditions

The Earth’s ionosphere can be described by a spherical harmonic (SH) expansion up to a specific degree. However, there exist negative vertical total electron content (VTEC) values in the global ionosphere map (GIM) with the SH expansion model. In this contribution, we specifically investigated the negative VTEC values that are induced by the SH expansion model and validated the performance of the inequality-constrained least squares (ICLS) method in eliminating the negative VTEC values. The GPS data from 2004 to 2017 was selected to cover one solar cycle and the experiments under different solar activity conditions were analyzed. The results in our work show that the occurrence of the negative VTEC values is attributed to the deficiency of the SH expansion model when the VTEC itself is small instead of the unevenly distribution of the GNSS stations. The negative VTEC values appear periodically in the temporal domain, showing apparently one year and half year periods. During one year, two peaks in June and December can be observed in the time series of the negative VTEC values. The number of negative VTEC values in June is obvious larger than that in December. During one solar cycle, the number of negative VTEC values under quiet solar activity condition is obvious larger than that under strong solar activity condition. In the spatial domain, the appearance of the negative VTEC values is strongly related with the movement of the subsolar point. In the latitude of the subsolar point has the largest magnitude, the negative values will appear on the opposite hemisphere and the further from the subsolar point the more negative values. The maximum number of the negative VTEC values in the southern hemisphere appears in June, while the peak value in the northern hemisphere appears in December. The maximum number of negative VTEC values in the southern hemisphere is generally larger than that in the northern hemisphere. In addition, the negative VTEC values are distributed both at middle latitude and high latitude in the southern hemisphere, while they are mainly distributed at high latitude in the northern hemisphere. When the ICLS method is used, the negative VTEC values can be eliminated efficiently and it has nearly no influence on the positive VTEC values. The ICLS method can also improve the receiver’s differential code bias (DCB) and significantly decrease the unreasonable negative slant TEC (STEC) values along the lines of sight. Using the final GIM product of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPLG) as a reference, the root mean square (RMS) of the ICLS solution shows maximum 25%, 20% and 45% improvement relative to the least squares (LS) solution at northern high latitude, southern middle latitude and southern high latitude, respectively.     

进、排气壳对全流道大膨胀比涡轮性能影响研究

进、排气系统对涡轮级的性能影响鲜有研究,本文针对增压器涡轮,采用数值方法对全流道大膨胀比跨声速涡轮与进、排气壳进行耦合计算,探索进、排气壳耦合对涡轮级的性能参数影响,结果显示进气壳主要影响静叶10%叶高与50%叶高前缘来流气流角周向分布,静叶排会减弱进气壳带来的参数周向不均匀性,排气壳主要影响动叶尾缘0°与180°周向位置总压与静压分布,进、排气壳耦合涡轮级总静效率比均匀边界涡轮级下降0.25%。     

Hot Tearing Behavior of Mg-Gd-Y-X Alloys

Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy castings are widely used in the aerospace field owing to their high strength and excellent creep resistance. The castability of these alloys is also an important consideration for engineering application. Thus， the hot tearing susceptibilities (HTSs) of Mg-10Gd-1Y-1Zn-0.5Zr (VW91) alloy and Mg-10Gd-2Y-1Zn-0.5Zr (VW92) alloy are investigated with a constrained rod casting (CRC) mold. The microstructures and fracture surface are characterized by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results unveil that the HTS of VW92 alloy is lower than that of VW91 alloy. The microstructures indicate that obvious tears can be observed in VW91 alloy， while the tears in VW92 alloy are tiny. The tear feeding and healing by eutectic are also observed in VW91 and VW92 alloys. Therefore， the lower hot tearing susceptibility of VW92 alloy is mainly attributed to the high amount of eutectic which feeds and heals tears. Besides， the effects of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the fluidity of VW91 and VW92 alloys on their HTSs are discussed.     

大型低温液体火箭“零窗口”发射技术

我国大型低温液体运载火箭组成系统多、各系统耦合关联程度大、射前流程复杂，实现“零窗口”发射难度大。基于大型低温液体运载火箭的系统特点和射前约束条件，提出了实现“零窗口”发射的技术方案。通过能力挖潜主动拓展了任务故障适应性和窗口宽度，并辅以科学的测试发射策略，将技术和流程相结合，共同实现大型低温运载火箭“零窗口”发射目标。这对全面提升大型运载火箭和发射场“零窗口”发射能力、适应未来航天发展需求具有十分重要的意义。