热防护系统的硅纤维隔热层复合传热数值计算

鉴于热防护系统的硅纤维隔热层是各向异性的非灰体材料，其复合传热计算是复杂且耗时的，提出了一种简便方法用于硅纤维这类各向异性非灰体材料的复合传热计算。该方法借鉴了医学领域断层摄影法（局部X射线检测法）中对光沿各向异性散射介质传播分析的思路，得到了各向异性扩散的热辐射方程（RTE—D）并把该方程用于求解非灰体半透明介质的辐射热通量。计算结果与文献中基于辐射传递方程（RTE）求得辐射热流的复合传热数值结果相比较，其最大相对误差为1．5％，并且其计算时间也由Pentium Ⅱ的3297．66分钟缩短为PentiumⅣ的约5分钟。最后，该方法被用于真实热环境下刚性隔热瓦L1900（高空隙率硅纤维隔热材料）的复合传热计算，计算结果与实验数据有较高吻合度。数据结果表明，各向异性的扩散近似被用于求解非灰体半透明介质的辐射热通量的方法用在热防护系统的硅纤维隔热层复合传热数值计算中是简便高效的。     

燃气源控制气流热效应数值模拟研究

为了解迷宫形导热套环与流体之间的热交换对控制气流温度及压力的影响,采用整体求解法求解控制气流与多层套环之间的耦合传热问题。为确保计算结果在物理上的真实性,采用“假密度法”求解以温度T为求解变量的能量方程。计算得到了控制气流参量随时间的变化情况以及迷宫形多层导热套环的温度在不同时间点的分布情况,结果表明流场的三维复杂结构使得每个小孔射流与各层套环的传热情况都不同,流体与固体区域之间的换热量随时间变化,其中内套环和中套环对流体的吸热量随时间的增长而急速下降,从而导致控制气体的温度和压力都随时间而逐渐增大。计算所得的控制气流温度和压力与试验测量值的变化趋势相同,验证了计算方法的有效性。     

GPS total electron content and surface latent heat flux variations before the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Sendai earthquake

The present paper describes the variations of the GPS total electron content (TEC) from the International GNSS service network and surface latent heat flux (SLHF) from the Scientific Computing Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) before the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Sendai earthquake, respectively. The analysis shows pronounced enhancements in the GPS TEC and SLHF a few days prior to the earthquake event. The maximum increase in the GPS TEC was about 30 TECu with an extended spatial distribution on a geomagnetically quiet day (Dst ? −20 nT, between two moderate geomagnetic storms), 8 March, 3 days prior to the earthquake. This giant positive disturbance was possibly associated with the impending disastrous earthquake and contributed from the enhanced solar radiation. Moreover, there were several anomalous regions of SLHF on the global map, but an area of enhanced SLHF very close to the epicenter. The purpose of this paper is to report the existence of the changes in surface and ionosphere, and show the potential application of multi-source data to identify seismic precursors.     

频率标准用超导铌腔内表面处理工艺研究

频率标准用超导铌腔内表面的处理是影响超导腔Q值的最大因素。本文首先通过理论分析确定了超导腔Q与表面剩余电阻的关系,其次通过一系列的表面处理工艺来保证超导腔内表面的剩余电阻尽量小,最后通过实验得到了超导腔的Q值为1.9E9,与理论计算结果相近,证明了表面处理的有效性。     

直升机机内PWM照明调光系统产生音频干扰问题的研究

在直升机机内照明调光领域，国外军机已广泛采用脉冲宽度调制（PWM）调光方式。PWM调光方式相比传统线性调光方式具有以下明显优点：效率高，调光范围宽，功耗小，带载能力强，附加损耗小等。但PWM调光系统的不足是电磁辐射，尤其会对机内通话系统产生音频干扰，在机通耳机中会出现明显干扰声，影响机内通话质量。本方案能有效抑制PWM...     

Modeling urban heat islands in heterogeneous land surface and its correlation with impervious surface area by using night-time ASTER satellite data in highly urbanizing city,Delhi-India

The present study is an assessment and identification of urban heat island (UHI) in the environment of one of the fastest urbanizing city of India, Delhi Metropolis, employing satellite image of ASTER and Landsat 7 ETM+ in the thermal infrared region 3–14 μm. Temporal (2001 and 2005) ASTER datasets were used to analyze the spatial structure of the thermal urban environment subsequently urban heat island (UHI) in relation to the urban surface characteristics and land use/land cover (LULC). The study involves derivation of parameters governing the surface heat fluxes, constructing statistics of ASTER thermal infrared images along with validation through intensive in situ measurements. The average images reveal spatial and temporal variations of land surface temperature (LST) of night-time and distinct microclimatic patterns. Central Business District (CBD) of Delhi, (Connaught Place, a high density built up area), and commercial/industrial areas display heat islands condition with a temperature greater than 4 °C compared to the suburbs. The small increase in surface temperature at city level is mainly attributed to cumulative impact of human activities, changes in LULC pattern and vegetation density. In this study the methodology takes into account spatially-relative surface temperatures and impervious surface fraction value to measure surface UHI intensity between the urban land cover and rural surroundings. Both the spatial and temporal variation in surface temperature associated with impervious surface area (ISA) has been evaluated to assess the effect of urbanization on the local climate.     

浅谈焊接的分类

探讨了焊接方法分类的原则,使用的范围.分析了焊接的能源与它们之间的关系,对焊接运用的条件,焊接的目的进行了分类和定义.     

增强碳/碳球锥切削中的最小热应力优化研究

对将增强碳/碳纤维块体切削成球锥外形的工艺,块体热膨胀系数异性轴指向可以极大地影响球锥热应力大小,存在优化设计的潜力。本文对增强碳/碳不同主轴方向弹性模量比值下的球锥最小热应力优化特性进行了研究,发现以1为界,不同模量对比关系下的优化特征是完全不同的。在本文加热条件下,当异性轴模量小于同性面模量时,优化曲线对温度场变化很敏感,以块体异性轴和球锥横截面成±42.9夹角时热应力最小;当异性轴模量大于同性面模量时,优化曲线随加热时间变化不大,以块体同性面与球锥对称轴平行或成小锐角时热应力最小。一般而言,工艺设计中应避免用模量大的主轴方向指向球锥对称轴方向。     

疏导热防护的冷却机制

利用固体介质快速传导特性进行防热是疏导热防护的一个重要机制,但现有的固体介质在高热流梯度区会出现净热流为负的现象,即流向传导的阻塞效应,它会严重影响高热流区的热量向低热流区的快速传递.本文提出的增加固体介质的导热系数和采用高温热管冷却是两个可以有效解决传导阻塞问题的方案.通过数值模拟评估了这二种方案对解决流向传递的阻塞问题的有效性,给出了一些规律性的结果.     

热解气体燃烧对炭化复合材料烧蚀热响应影响规律

在近空间高超声速飞行器飞行时间长、马赫数不断增加的发展趋势下，热防护与轻量化的矛盾越来越突出。基于此，开展了热解气体燃烧对炭化复合材料表面烧蚀影响的相关数值模拟研究，并与风洞试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：热解气体的燃烧可降低炭化复合材料表面的烧蚀厚度，并且随着气动热的增加，热解气体燃烧对材料表面碳的保护作用越来越明显。研究成果可为下一代近空间高超声速飞行器热防护系统的优化设计提供技术支撑。