Applications of tuned mass dampers to improve performance of large space mirrors

In order for future imaging spacecraft to meet higher resolution imaging capability, it will be necessary to build large space telescopes with primary mirror diameters that range from 10 m to 20 m and do so with nanometer surface accuracy. Due to launch vehicle mass and volume constraints, these mirrors have to be deployable and lightweight, such as segmented mirrors using active optics to correct mirror surfaces with closed loop control. As a part of this work, system identification tests revealed that dynamic disturbances inherent in a laboratory environment are significant enough to degrade the optical performance of the telescope. Research was performed at the Naval Postgraduate School to identify the vibration modes most affecting the optical performance and evaluate different techniques to increase damping of those modes. Based on this work, tuned mass dampers (TMDs) were selected because of their simplicity in implementation and effectiveness in targeting specific modes. The selected damping mechanism was an eddy current damper where the damping and frequency of the damper could be easily changed. System identification of segments was performed to derive TMD specifications. Several configurations of the damper were evaluated, including the number and placement of TMDs, damping constant, and targeted structural modes. The final configuration consisted of two dampers located at the edge of each segment and resulted in 80% reduction in vibrations. The WFE for the system without dampers was 1.5 waves, with one TMD the WFE was 0.9 waves, and with two TMDs the WFE was 0.25 waves. This paper provides details of some of the work done in this area and includes theoretical predictions for optimum damping which were experimentally verified on a large aperture segmented system.     

Strong geomagnetic activity forecast by neural networks under dominant southern orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field

The paper deals with the relation of the southern orientation of the north–south component _Bz$B_z$ of the interplanetary magnetic field to geomagnetic activity (GA) and subsequently a method is suggested of using the found facts to forecast potentially dangerous high GA. We have found that on a day with very high GA hourly averages of _Bz$B_z$ with a negative sign occur at least 16 times in typical cases. Since it is very difficult to estimate the orientation of _Bz$B_z$ in the immediate vicinity of the Earth one day or even a few days in advance, we have suggested using a neural-network model, which assumes the worse of the possibilities to forecast the danger of high GA – the dominant southern orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field. The input quantities of the proposed model were information about X-ray flares, type II and IV radio bursts as well as information about coronal mass ejections (CME). In comparing the GA forecasts with observations, we obtain values of the Hanssen–Kuiper skill score ranging from 0.463 to 0.727, which are usual values for similar forecasts of space weather. The proposed model provides forecasts of potentially dangerous high geomagnetic activity should the interplanetary CME (ICME), the originator of geomagnetic storms, hit the Earth under the most unfavorable configuration of cosmic magnetic fields. We cannot know in advance whether the unfavorable configuration is going to occur or not; we just know that it will occur with the probability of 31%.     

气体介质对排气式气囊缓冲特性影响研究

中国新一代载人飞船试验船研制过程中开发了一套组合式缓冲气囊.以新飞船返回舱为研究对象,通过流体力学和热力学理论推导,建立了含有内囊的组合式气囊缓冲过程动力学模型,并通过MSC-Dytran对其有效性进行了验证.之后通过仿真计算,分析了影响气囊缓冲特性的两项气体固有参数——气体自由度与摩尔质量——对气囊缓冲过程的影响.研...     

嫦娥工程X射线谱仪的数据压缩研究

本文对嫦娥工程中的重要科学载荷X射线谱仪提出了一种有效的数据压缩方案。针对具体的数据特征,结合稀疏串编码、相关编码、前缀编码和字典编码等思想实现了无损和近无损压缩,使实验室理想环境下获得以及经嫦娥一号卫星下传的太阳能谱数据平均压缩比分别达到15和7,两种情况下的月球事例数据平均压缩比都为2,同时算法还具有一定的纠错能力,满足了X射线谱仪数据压缩的需求,为嫦娥三号卫星上粒子激发X射线谱仪的星载数据处理和后续工作提供了经验和准备。     

热力学非平衡状态下DSMC绝热壁边界的抽样方法

从直接模拟蒙特卡罗仿真DSMC方法的实现途径出发,经过分析推导,给出了一种在考虑分子转动能、振动能等热力学非平衡状态下统计求解绝热壁温的DSMC抽样方法。然后采用锥体外形的算例验证,分析了该方法在实现绝热壁条件时的统计误差。计算结果表明,此种方法能够有效地实现DSMC方法壁面处的绝热壁条件,随着采样步数的增加,其边界条件实现时的统计误差不断降低,该方法收敛后的统计误差可降至0.5%,能够满足工程要求。     

国外载人航天器热控技术发展分析

文章对国外载人航天器热控技术的发展进行了调研,介绍了国外典型载人航天器的主动热控系统组成,特别是国际空间站美国实验舱的主动热控系统,并对热控技术的发展进行了评述,旨在为我国空间站建设提供参考。     

火星气囊气体发生器充气过程稳压仿真研究

文章对低温和常温环境下的气囊稳压充气过程的参数进行了仿真计算。主要分析计算了气囊内外壁的对流换热、囊内气体与囊壁间辐射以及水蒸气液化等传热方式的传热量。同时,计算了在不同环境温度下,气囊内气体温度、充气质量以及充气质量流率随时间的变化关系。分析结果可以为工程研制提供参考和数据支持。     

干活塞气体流量校准装置数值模拟

为研究干活塞气体流量校准装置内气体泄漏问题,利用FLUENT软件对干活塞气体流量校准装置的运行情况进行数值模拟,包括Ф15 mm、Ф30 mm和Ф50 mm三种模型,对各工况下活塞与缸体之间气体泄漏量进行估算。研究表明,合理控制活塞与缸体之间的间隙（〈10μm）,可保证该类气体校准装置具有良好的计量性能。     

气膜约束对轴系固有频率影响的试验

对10kg转子进行自由状态和有气膜约束两种状态下的试验模态分析,试验结果给出了转子平动、锥动和一阶弯曲时的固有频率及其振型等模态参数,分析了轴承供气压力变化对轴系固有频率的影响.进行了轴系升降速试验,结果表明:气膜约束下的模态分析结果比自由状态下的更接近于升降速试验的结果.试验结果为气体轴系固有频率的确定以及控制参数的选取提供了依据,也为下一步轴系振动控制奠定了基础.      

星上控制力矩陀螺群隔振平台的动力学特性

为能够给星上有效载荷提供一种超静环境,提出一种星上控制力矩陀螺群(CMGs,Control Moment Gyroscopes)的隔振方案,并对所使用的隔振平台的动力学特性进行研究分析.首先介绍了不同参数模型的隔振元件工作原理和参数特性;其次利用牛顿-欧拉法对含有隔振平台和CMGs的卫星进行动力学建模;最后通过频域和时域的方法分析并对比了各个参数模型下的隔振平台力衰减特性以及对星体姿态稳定度的改善程度.结果表明:两参数加调谐质量阻尼器模型下的隔振平台对共振峰值有一定的衰减作用,三参数模型下的隔振平台在力衰减和对姿态稳定度的改善程度上要明显优于其他2种模型.