The first results from the Herschel-HIFI mission

This paper contains a summary of the results from the first years of observations with the HIFI instrument onboard ESA’s Herschel space observatory. The paper starts by outlining the goals and possibilities of far-infrared and submillimeter astronomy, the limitations of the Earth’s atmosphere, and the scientific scope of the Herschel-HIFI mission. The presentation of science results from the mission follows the life cycle of gas in galaxies as grouped into five themes: Structure of the interstellar medium, First steps in interstellar chemistry, Formation of stars and planets, Solar system results and Evolved stellar envelopes. The HIFI observations paint a picture where the interstellar medium in galaxies has a mixed, rather than a layered structure; the same conclusion may hold for protoplanetary disks. In addition, the HIFI data show that exchange of matter between comets and asteroids with planets and moons plays a large role. The paper concludes with an outlook to future instrumentation in the far-infrared and submillimeter wavelength ranges.     

多航天器编队在轨自主协同控制研究

提出一种基于信息一致性的分布式协同控制策略,该策略可自主实现多航天器编队 的 构型建立、保持与整体机动。在该策略中,编队内各航天器均具有局部的分层控制结构：参 考点一致性估计层根据各航天器初始状态与编队内信息拓扑,协商估计出多航天器编队整体 系统基准参考点;协同制导层根据编队整体系统模型预测控制方程,采用并行计算方式,规 划各航天器从初始状态到期望构型的期望重构机动路径;协同控制层采用基于二阶一致性算 法的协同反馈控制律,使各航天器彼此协同地跟踪期望路径和整体机动参考信息。仿真结果 表明:当信息拓扑中存在最大生成树时,该策略能够实现多航天器编队构型建立、保持与整 体机动的协同控制,并具有较好鲁棒性。〖JP〗     

卫星编队队形重构中的模型选择

推导了卫星编队进行燃料最优队形重构时,两组Lawden方程（时间域和真近点角域）下所建立目标函数的数学关系,指出在不需要解析解的情况下,动力学模型应选择时间域下的Lawden方程,目标函数应建立在时间域。首先,分别针对脉冲推力和持续推力机动,研究了两组方程下目标函数的差异。然后,以持续推力式重构方法为例,构造了燃料最优目标函数,基于最大值原理,建立了队形重构的两点边值问题。然后,采用边界迭代法求解初始协态变量,确定最优的控制加速度。最后通过数学仿真验证了模型分析的正确性及算法的有效性。
     

多导弹三维编队控制

 多导弹编队控制可极大提高多枚导弹协同作战的效能。重点研究了多导弹编队控制涉及的2个主要问题：编队结构问题和三维编队保持控制器设计问题。提出了改进的领弹-跟随弹编队模式,结合多级分布式控制策略,解决了领弹失效时队形无法保持的问题;设计了基于相对误差的三维非线性跟随弹编队控制器,得到相应的跟踪控制律。不管领弹如何机动,跟随弹与领弹的相对距离始终为指定的期望值,同时跟随弹的速度、航向角和滚转角也能与领弹保持一致,通过仿真验证了所设计的编队控制器具有鲁棒性和稳定性。     

基于深度强化学习的固定翼无人机编队协调控制方法

由于运动学的复杂性和环境的动态性,控制一组无人机遂行任务目前仍面临较大挑战。首先,以固定翼无人机为研究对象,考虑复杂动态环境的随机性和不确定性,提出了基于无模型深度强化学习的无人机编队协调控制方法。然后,为平衡探索和利用,将ε-greedy策略与模仿策略相结合,提出了ε-imitation动作选择策略;结合双重Q学习和竞争架构对DQN（Deep Q-Network）算法进行改进,提出了ID3QN（Imitative Dueling Double Deep Q-Network）算法以提高算法的学习效率。最后,构建高保真半实物仿真系统进行硬件在环仿真飞行实验,验证了所提算法的适应性和实用性。     

Coordinated attitude control for flexible spacecraft formation with actuator configuration misalignment

This paper investigates the coordinated attitude control problem for flexible spacecraft formation with the consideration of actuator configuration misalignment. First, an integral-type sliding mode adaptive control law is designed to compensate the effects of flexible mode, environmental disturbance and actuator installation deviation. The basic idea of the Integral-type Sliding Mode Control (ISMC) is to design a proper sliding manifold so that the sliding mode starts from the initial time instant, and thus the robustness of the system can be guaranteed from the beginning of the process and the reaching phase is eliminated. Then, considering the nominal system of spacecraft formation based on directed topology, an attitude cooperative control strategy is developed for the nominal system with or without communication delay. The proposed control law can guarantee that for each spacecraft in the spacecraft formation, the desired attitude objective can be achieved and the attitude synchronization can be maintained with other spacecraft in the formation. Finally, simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.     

Optimal spacecraft formation establishment and reconfiguration propelled by the geomagnetic Lorentz force

The Lorentz force acting on an electrostatically charged spacecraft as it moves through the planetary magnetic field could be utilized as propellantless electromagnetic propulsion for orbital maneuvering, such as spacecraft formation establishment and formation reconfiguration. By assuming that the Earth’s magnetic field could be modeled as a tilted dipole located at the center of Earth that corotates with Earth, a dynamical model that describes the relative orbital motion of Lorentz spacecraft is developed. Based on the proposed dynamical model, the energy-optimal open-loop trajectories of control inputs, namely, the required specific charges of Lorentz spacecraft, for Lorentz-propelled spacecraft formation establishment or reconfiguration problems with both fixed and free final conditions constraints are derived via Gauss pseudospectral method. The effect of the magnetic dipole tilt angle on the optimal control inputs and the relative transfer trajectories for formation establishment or reconfiguration is also investigated by comparisons with the results derived from a nontilted dipole model. Furthermore, a closed-loop integral sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee the trajectory tracking in the presence of external disturbances and modeling errors. The stability of the closed-loop system is proved by a Lyapunov-based approach. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed open-loop control methods and demonstrate the performance of the closed-loop controller. Also, the results indicate the dipole tilt angle should be considered when designing control strategies for Lorentz-propelled spacecraft formation establishment or reconfiguration.     

A photoionization method for estimating BLR “size” in quasars

We describe an alternate way to estimate Broad Line Region (BLR) radii for type-1 AGN based on determination of physical conditions in the BLR under the assumption that the line emitting gas is photoionized by a central continuum source. We derive “diagnostic” intensity ratios involving UV lines Aliiiλ$\lambda$1860, Siiii]λ$\lambda$1892 and Civλ$\lambda$1549 which enable us to compute the ionizing photon flux, and hence BLR radius from the ionization parameter definition. We compare our estimates of BLR radii with values independently obtained from reverberation monitoring of Hβ$\beta$ and, in a few cases, of C ivλ$\lambda$1549. We analyze the interpretation of the photoionization estimates in the 4D eigenvector 1 context, and discuss in some detail the case of 3C 390.3. For this object we are able to provide not only the ionizing photon flux, but also an estimate of density and ionization parameter from the measured diagnostic ratios. We also compare black hole masses obtained from this method with values derived from widely-applied correlations between mass, line broadening and luminosity. Good agreement is found for both radius and black hole mass comparisons.     

卫星编队飞行相对位置自适应协同控制

针对卫星编队飞行相对位置协同控制问题,基于编队卫星相对运动非线性动力学方程和一致性理论设计了两种自适应协同控制器。首先,在卫星质量不确定和星间信息交互存在通信时延的条件下,设计了一种全状态反馈自适应协同控制器,并证明了该控制策略对空间摄动力的鲁棒性。其次,进一步考虑速度信息不可测的条件下,采用滤波器设计了一种无速度反馈的自适应协同控制器。最后,以编队构型重构为例对两种自适应协同控制器进行了仿真校验。仿真结果表明：两种自适应协同控制器均可有效应用于卫星编队飞行相对位置的协同控制,能够保证编队卫星对各自期望轨迹跟踪的同时暂态保持编队构型的稳定,具有较高的控制精度。     

基于贝叶斯网络的航空灾害成因机理探析

为了预防和矫正航空事故诱发因素的萌生与发展,改善民航安全管理的科学性和可靠性,进一步降低事故率,减少航空灾害造成的损失.针对航空灾害的形成特点,探讨致灾因素的相互作用是成因机理分析的关键.基于贝叶斯网络模型,综合运用诊断推理和支持推理形式,分析致灾因素的因果关系,揭示了人、机、环境与管理因素相互作用的内在规律.通过高斯贝叶斯网络在典型案例致灾成因机理分析中的应用,挖掘隐含的内部因素对系统的影响程度,发现了隐含因素从不确定性状态向确定性状态的演变过程,以及表层因素与隐含因素的关系.