协同小卫星系统和服务

文章提出一个新概念:协同小卫星系统和服务(应用),简称5S(Synergic Small Satellites Systems and Services)。其目的是积极研究和开发多颗小卫星联合协同工作,开创在各领域新的应用。文中首先论述5S的概念与内涵;其次研究小卫星星座和编队飞行性能特点与系统设计;最后介绍近几年来协同小卫星系统的4个创新应用示例。     

Formation of the Outer Planets

Models of the origins of gas giant planets and ‘ice’ giant planets are discussed and related to formation theories of both smaller objects (terrestrial planets) and larger bodies (stars). The most detailed models of planetary formation are based upon observations of our own Solar System, of young stars and their environments, and of extrasolar planets. Stars form from the collapse, and sometimes fragmentation, of molecular cloud cores. Terrestrial planets are formed within disks around young stars via the accumulation of small dust grains into larger and larger bodies until the planetary orbits become well enough separated that the configuration is stable for the lifetime of the system. Uranus and Neptune almost certainly formed via a bottom-up (terrestrial planet-like) mechanism; such a mechanism is also the most likely origin scenario for Saturn and Jupiter.     

The Formation Of The First Stars In The Universe

In this review, I survey our current understanding of how the very first stars in the universe formed, with a focus on three main areas of interest: the formation of the first protogalaxies and the cooling of gas within them, the nature and extent of fragmentation within the cool gas, and the physics – in particular the interplay between protostellar accretion and protostellar feedback – that serves to determine the final stellar mass. In each of these areas, I have attempted to show how our thinking has developed over recent years, aided in large part by the increasing ease with which we can now perform detailed numerical simulations of primordial star formation. I have also tried to indicate the areas where our understanding remains incomplete, and to identify some of the most important unsolved problems.     

Hypergravity suppresses bone resorption in ovariectomized rats

The effects of gravity on bone metabolism are unclear, and little has been reported about the effects of hypergravity on the mature skeleton. Since low gravity has been shown to decrease bone volume, we hypothesized that hypergravity increases bone volume. To clarify this hypothesis, adult female rats were ovariectomized and exposed to hypergravity (2.9G) using a centrifugation system. The rats were killed 28 days after the start of loading, and the distal femoral metaphysis of the rats was studied. Bone architecture was assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and bone mineral density was measured using peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT). Hypergravity increased the trabecular bone volume of ovariectomized rats. Histomorphometric analyses revealed that hypergravity suppressed both bone formation and resorption and increased bone volume in ovariectomized rats.     

Optimal satellite formation reconfiguration actuated by inter-satellite electromagnetic forces

The inter-satellite electromagnetic forces generated by the magnetic dipoles on neighboring satellites provide an attractive control actuation alternative for satellite formation flight due to the prominent advantages of no propellant consumption or plume contamination. However, the internal force nature as well as the inherent high nonlinearity and coupling of electromagnetic forces bring unique dynamic characteristics and challenges. This paper investigates the nonlinear translational dynamics, trajectory planning and control of formation reconfiguration actuated by inter-satellite electromagnetic forces. The nonlinear translational dynamic model is derived by utilizing analytical mechanics theory; and analysis on the dynamic characteristics is put forward. Optimal reconfiguration trajectories of electromagnetic force actuated formation are studied by applying optimal control theory and the Gauss pseudospectral method. Considering the high nonlinearity and uncertainty in the dynamic model, an inner-and-outer loop combined control strategy based on feedback linearization theory and adaptive terminal sliding mode control is proposed with finite-time convergence capability and good robust performance. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results are presented to validate the feasibility of the proposed translational model, reconfiguration trajectory optimization approach and control strategy.     

Blue and red supergiants and the age structure of the NGC 330 region

We analysed new UBVRI CCD photometry of the massive, blue SMC cluster NGC 330 and its surrounding field. The age structure and a new reddening value for the stellar population in this region of the SMC are derived and the implications for star formation in this part of the SMC and for stellar evolution are discussed.Based on observations obtained at ESO, La Silla     

自动变速器的故障诊断与保养

自动变速器与机械式变速器相比具有不可比拟的优势，我国现有维修企业在变速器故障诊断和保养中，存在有多种弊端，本文就此问题作了深刻的剖析，提出了自动变速器深化保养的新观点。     

The entropy in groups – a clue to galaxy formation

The entropy in the hot X-ray gas in groups of galaxies is a fossil of the process of galaxy formation The amount of entropy in these low mass systems considerably exceeds that predicted from structure formation models. To explain these results requires “extra” energy which is a relic of the process of star formation and active galaxy heating. We present new XMM results on the entropy and entropy profiles. These results are inconsistent with pre-heating scenarios which have been developed to explain the entropy floor in groups but are broadly consistent with models of structure formation which include the effects of heating and/or the cooling of the gas. The total entropy in these systems provides a strong constraint on all models of galaxy and group formation, and on the poorly defined feedback process which controls the transformation of gas into stars and thus the formation of structure in the universe.     

VPTIG焊接机器人在铝合金贮箱箱底生产中的应用

简要介绍了焊接机器人系统结构特征,采用VPTIG单面焊双面成型技术进行2A14铝合金焊接试验,获得良好的焊接接头性能,总结出可靠的工艺控制方法.并应用于铝合金贮箱箱底的生产中,产品焊缝经过RT探伤、液压气密试验、氦质谱检漏等检测方法,各项技术指标满足设计要求.     

考虑避免碰撞的编队卫星自适应协同控制

基于势函数法研究具有模型不确定性的编队飞行卫星避免碰撞的自适应协同控制.势函数法的思想为设计碰撞区域势函数值较大,所设计的控制律使得系统势函数具有减小的趋势,从而实现避免碰撞的编队飞行任务.首先,在无外部参考轨迹的情况下,通过引入避免碰撞势函数,提出一种自适应协同控制器,编队卫星最终实现速度一致和避免碰撞.进一步,考虑已知外部参考轨迹的情形,基于新的势函数方法,设计新的自适应协同控制器,能够同时实现避免碰撞、速度一致、卫星跟踪参考轨迹的目的.对于所提出的两种控制方法,均通过合理地应用Lyapunov稳定性理论分析了闭环系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明了所设计控制方法的有效性.