载人月球探测月面活动发展设想

载人月球探测是浩大的系统工程,组成复杂,关键技术多,研制周期长,经费投入高,任务风险大.月面活动是载人月球探测任务体现能力、保障安全、提升效益的重要组成部分,必须回答"为什么""去哪里""怎么干"等问题.本文从国内外月球探测历程出发,结合当今世界月球探测领域趋势与局势,从月球战略布局、月球科学内涵开展分析.针对月面驻留...     

The Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere: Theory and Models

Almost all theoretical and numerical models for the modulation of cosmic ray in the heliosphere are based on Parker's transport equation which contains all the important basic physical processes. The relative importance of the various mechanisms is however not established and may vary significantly over 22 years. The simultaneous measurements of solar wind parameters, heliospheric magnetic field properties and cosmic rays over a wide range of energies and positions in the heliosphere have brought the realization that modulation is much more complicated than what the original drift models predicted. In the process the sophistication of models based on solving Parker's equation has increased by orders of magnitude. A short review of the global modulation of cosmic rays is given from a theoretical and modelling point of view.     

Solar Irradiance Variability Since 1978

Since November 1978 a set of total solar irradiance (TSI) measurements from space is available, yielding a time series of more than 25 years. Presently, there are three TSI composites available, called PMOD, ACRIM and IRMB, which are all constructed from the same original data, but use different procedures to correct for sensitivity changes. The PMOD composite is the only one which also corrects the early HF data for degradation. The results from the detailed analysis of the VIRGO radiometry allow a good understanding of the effects influencing the long-term behaviour of classical radiometers in space. Thus, a re-analysis of the behaviour of HF/NIMBUS-7 and ACRIM-I/SMM was indicated. For the former the situation is complicated by the fact that there are no in-flight means to determine changes due to exposure to solar radiation by comparison with a less exposed radiometer on the same spacecraft. The geometry and optical property of the cavity of HF is, however, very similar to the PMO6-type radiometers, so the behaviour of the PMO6V radiometers on VIRGO can be used as a model. ACRIM-I had to be revised mainly due to a henceforth undetected early increase and a more detailed analysis of its degradation. The results are not only important for solar radiometry from space, but they also provide a more reliable TSI during cycle 21. The differences between the revised PMOD composite and the ACRIM and IRMB are discussed by comparison with a TSI reconstruction from Kitt-Peak magnetograms. As the PMOD composite is the only one which has reliable data for cycle 21, the behaviour of the three solar cycles can now be compared and the similarities and differences discussed.     

现代飞机制造成本控制方法研究

介绍了作业成本法(Activity-BasedCosting-ABC)及其全新的成本管理和控制思想。通过对工业工程(IndustryEngineering-IE)的技术特性与ABC算法内在联系的探讨,建立了一个IE+ABC成本控制体系,目的是对飞机制造过程的成本实施有效控制。企业实证初步表明了这个成本控制体系的实际应用效果及其研究推广价值。     

基于力矩比优化的航天员舱外活动仿真

提出了一种基于力矩比优化的航天员人体运动控制算法,该算法综合考虑了反向运动学、反向动力学以及人体工效学等因素,避免了单纯从动力学方面求解所带来的虚拟人体动画所隐含的力量冲突,提高了仿真结果的真实性和合理性。研究结果可为航天员舱外活动的设计和考察提供一定的理论指导和技术支持。     

GPS/INU/DM组合定位导航技术在ITS中的应用

 介绍了智能交通系统(ITS,Intelligent Transport Systems)的基本思想,阐述了GPS/INU/DM(Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation Unit/Digital Map)组合定位导航技术在ITS中的应用,以及提高组合定位导航精度及可靠性的几种技术措施.该组合定位导航是将卫星定位技术、惯性导航定位技术以及计算机技术融合在一起的新型技术,具有全方位、全天候、防遮挡的功能.ITS中利用组合导航技术可实现道路交通管理"自动化"、车辆行驶"智能化",具有良好的实用价值,应用前景广泛.     

SOME RESULTS OF UPPER ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS BY A MASS-SPECTROMETER ON BOARD "SZ-2":CHANGE OF COMPOSITIONS DURING SOLAR AND GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES

Upper atmosphere composition data were obtained for the last half year with a quadruple mass spectrometer on board spacecraft "SZ-2" launched on 10 Jan uary 2001. Based on the analysis of these data, the variations of atmospheric compositions in solar and geomagnetic quiet conditions are reported first, then a detailed discussion on the atmospheric composition variations under the so lar and geomagnetic disturbed conditions is given. The results show that near the altitude of 400 km the variations of main atmospheric compositions corre sponding to solar disturbances are more remarkable in the sunlit area than in the shade area. On the contrary, in geomagnetic disturbance events the corre sponding variations are more obvious in the shade area, an evident increase of N2 density at relatively higher latitudes was observed.     

"神舟二号"大气密度探测器的探测结果Ⅱ.在太阳和地磁扰动期间高层大气密度的变化

选用了Sz—2大气密度探测器在2001年2—4月间的探测数据,进行日照和阴影区域热层大气密度对太阳和地磁活动程度的响应变化的探讨．结果表明,日照区大气密度峰值主要随F10.7值而变,在地磁扰动期间,阴影区大气密度对扰动的响应更明显,通常响应变化开始于高纬度地区,然后向低纬度地区推移．     

应用关联规则构建质量活动链模型

介绍了作业质量成本的概念,提出了以作业质量成本数据为基础描述质量活动间关联关系的方法,并设定了作业质量成本之间相互影响的规则.着重研究了关联规则挖掘技术,将布尔型关联规则用于质量活动间作用关系的挖掘,并应用Apriori算法,研究了应用作业质量成本数据及其变化趋势构建基于作业质量成本的质量活动链模型的方法.该模型有助于在质量成本预测与分析过程中从经济的角度发现质量管理过程的瓶颈问题,为以质量成本分析为基础,系统地进行质量改进决策提供了有效的方法和手段.      

广州地磁Z分量日变幅的谱特征

利用1972—1993年广州地磁资料，分析了Z分量日变幅的年平均、年变化和半年变化等低频成分的逐年变化，以及小于60天的短周期变化特征．同时对1972—1993年的F10.7日均值进行了谱分析．结果指出，广州地磁Z分量日变幅的年平均与太阳活动指数F10．7的年平均存在良好的线性相关；具有幅度大约5nT夏季极大的年变化，与太阳活动没有明显相关，是一种季节效应；存在春秋分极大的半年变化，幅度与太阳活动有关，高年的幅度明显大于低年；具有明显的与太阳自转相关的27天左右的变化和明显的与行星波有关的接近16日、10日、5日、2日等短周期变化．广州地磁Z分量日变幅的这些谱特征，有助于更深入地了解中低层大气对电离层影响的物理机制．