The Cool Interstellar Medium

Infrared spectroscopy and photometry with ISO covering most of the emission range of the interstellar medium has led to important progress in the understanding of the physics and chemistry of the gas, the nature and evolution of the dust grains and also the coupling between the gas and the grains. We review here the ISO results on the cool and low-excitation regions of the interstellar medium, where T _gas≲ 500 K, n _H∼ 100–10⁵ cm⁻³ and the electron density is a few 10⁻⁴. JEL codes: D24, L60, 047 Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.     

内反射红外光谱在污染物成分测试中的应用

介绍了内反射光谱的原理及其在放气沉积污染物成分测试中的应用。     

研究两相流流动特性的测量系统

一种在气-液两相流或液相流中流动特性的测量系统,其结构简单、操作方便、实用性强;它可以自动地移动测量探针、进行多通道的数据采集和对实测数据进行实时处理;采样频率可达几十万赫兹; 这个系统适用于处理各种仪表输出的模拟或数字信号。本文描述了测量气泡速度、气泡大小、含气率、混匀时间和剪切应力等的电位探针和电化学技术。这个系统在许多实验中得到应用。     

Use of Optical Characteristics to Identify Orbiting Material

Knowledge of the observable properties of orbital debris is necessary to validate debris models for both the low Earth orbit (LEO) and the geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). Current methods determine the size and mass of orbital debris based on knowledge or assumption of the material type of the piece. Improvement in the knowledge of material is the goal of the research described herein. The process of using spectral absorption features to determine the material type is explored. A review of the optical measurements of orbital debris as well as current research in the area is discussed. Reflectances of common spacecraft materials are compared. The need for, and advances made possible by obtaining real data are explored. The prospects of the venture are investigated.     

钢与胶粘剂粘接界面的XPS分析

结合氩离子枪刻蚀技术，用X射线电子能谱(XPS)对钢与胶粘剂粘接的界面进行研究，分析了粘接过程中元素的化学环境变化，并对粘接机理进行了探讨。结果表明，胶粘剂中酚醛树脂在界面区域与钢之间存在化学结合，而氯化橡胶与钢之间以范德华力粘接。     

大切深数控电解铣削加工阴极设计及试验研究

难加工材料整体叶轮广泛应用于航空领域,采用传统切削加工存在刀具磨损快、加工效率低等问题。本文针对某型号复杂整体叶轮,提出大切深五轴数控电解铣削预加工方法。通过设计锥形螺旋刃阴极,分析不同旋转角下单、双螺旋刃出口流场分布,得到旋转角720°的单螺旋刃阴极出口压力和流速分布均匀。同时开展大切深数控电解铣削加工试验,结果表明:在选取的工艺参数范围内,加工平衡间隙和进给速度随着加工电压升高而增大;较低的电解液温度有利于实现小间隙加工,可显著提高加工精度;主轴转速达到1 500 r/min后对加工速度影响较小。得到大切深数控电解铣削整体叶轮加工叶片,一次最大切深可达65 mm,余量误差控制在0.5 mm范围之内,提高了整体叶轮加工效率。     

UVCS/SOHO Observations of H I Lyman Alpha Line Profiles in Coronal Holes at Heliocentric Heights Above 3.0 R⊙

The Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) has been used to measure spectral line profiles for H I Lyα in the south polar coronal hole at projected heliocentric heights from 3.5 to 6.0 R_⊙ during 1998 January 5–11. Observations from 1.5 to 2.5 R_⊙ were made for comparison. The H I Lyα profile is the only one observable with UVCS above 3.5 R_⊙ in coronal holes. Within this region the outflowing coronal plasma becomes nearly collisionless and the ionization balance is believed to become frozen. In this paper, the 1/e half widths of the coronal velocity distributions are provided for the observed heights. The velocity distributions include all motions contributing to the velocities along the line of sight (LOS). The observations have been corrected for instrumental effects and interplanetary H I Lyα. The half widths were found to increase with projected heliographic height from 1.5 to 2.5 R_⊙ and decrease with height from 3.5 to 5 R_⊙. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一种计算隐身飞行器外形RCS的高精度快速算法

针对目前隐身飞行器外形雷达散射截面(RCS)难以准确计算的问题,提出了一种基于目标外形几何特征和矩量法的飞行器RCS算法.通过对矩量法阻抗矩阵元的理论分析,研究了物面感应电流随散射体表面曲率的变化规律,指出感应电流之间的耦合已成为影响隐身飞行器物面电流分布的重要因素,并且指出根据飞行器物面曲率分布可以预知强的感应电流耦合区域,利用这些强的电流耦合能够组成稀疏化的阻抗矩阵,从而实现飞行器RCS的快速求解.以金属双弧柱和典型隐身飞机外形为例,分析验证了物面曲率几何信息对计算结果精度的影响以及在提高计算效率方面的作用.数值结果表明该方法保持了与传统矩量法基本一致的计算精度,但计算时间仅为矩量法的7.2%.     

考虑舵机动力学的舵系统颤振特性分析

飞行器舵面的颤振特性与舵机动态特性有很大关系.提出了2种考虑舵机复刚度颤振分析的工程分析方法,第1种方法思想是对舵面和舵机的耦合系统(下文称舵系统)模型在各种来流速度下进行状态矩阵的稳定性判断,称为时域方法;第2种方法是将舵机复刚度特性包含在频域颤振方程中,使用改进的V-g法求解该方程得到舵系统颤振特性,称为频域方法.通过对舵系统模型算例的数值计算验证了方法的可行性;发现传统的按扭转频率进行舵机刚度等效的舵面颤振工程计算方法的结果相对于该方法有较大差别.说明当舵机动力学特性较差时,在舵面颤振分析中考虑舵机复刚度特性是很有必要的.     

Miniaturized laser-induced plasma spectrometry for planetary in situ analysis – The case for Jupiter’s moon Europa

Jupiter’s icy moon Europa is one of most promising places in our Solar System where possible extraterrestrial life forms could exist either in the past or even presently. The Europa Lander mission, an exciting part of the international Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM/Laplace), considers in situ planetary exploration of the moon. The distance of Europa from the Earth and the Sun asks for autonomous analytical tools that maximize the scientific return at minimal resources, demanding new experimental concepts. We propose a novel instrument, based on the atomic spectroscopy of laser generated plasmas for the elemental analysis of Europa’s surface materials as far as it is in reach of the lander for example by a robotic arm or a mole, or just onboard the lander. The technique of laser-induced plasma spectrometry provides quantitative elemental analysis of all major and many trace elements. It is a fast technique, i.e. an analysis can be performed in a few seconds, which can be applied to many different types of material such as ice, dust or rocks and it does not require any sample preparation. The sensitivity is in the range of tens of ppm and high lateral resolution, down to 50 μm, is feasible. In addition, it provides the potential of depth profiling, up to 2 mm in rock material and up to a few cm in more transparent icy matrices. Key components of the instrument are presently developed in Germany for planetary in situ missions. This development program is accompanied by an in-depth methodical investigation of this technique under planetary environmental conditions.