缔约过失责任问题探讨

缔约过失责任是在合同缔结过程中产生的一种责任形式，是合同法中一项独立的法律制度。缔约过失责任与违约责任有着本质的区别，是基于缔约方违反先合同义务产生的责任形式，其损害对象是对方的信赖利益，而不是合同利益。本文通过对缔约过失责任的论述，阐明其产生的理论基础、成立要件、责任形式以及立法现状和趋势，谨希望能有助于我国相关立法的发展与完善。     

A novel satellite image encryption algorithm based on hyperchaotic systems and Josephus problem

With the rapid growth of the number of Earth observation satellite (EOS) supporting critical applications, it is required to improve the security techniques to protect the sensitive data and images during the transmission between the satellites and the ground stations. This paper introduces a new satellite image encryption algorithm based on the Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) generator, SHA 512 hash function, hyperchaotic systems, and Josephus problem. LFSR generates a matrix that is used to construct the 512-bits value of the hash function. These bits are used to set the initial values and parameters of the proposed encryption algorithm. Firstly, the six dimensions (6-D) hyperchaotic system is divided into three parts, where every two equations are considered as one part. Secondly, the 1-D hyperchaotic logistic-tent system is considered as the controller to select one part. The selected part is used to generate a matrix that is XORed with the original image. Thirdly, the scrambling operation by Josephus sequences is applied to the output of the previous step by scrambling the rows and the columns according to the selected part to produce the pre-encrypted image. Finally, if the number of iterations is less than the required number which is considered as a parameter of the secret key, the previous operations will be repeated in the pre-encrypted image; otherwise, the pre-encrypted image is considered as the final cipher image. Experimental and analyses results show that the proposed algorithm has good performance in terms of high level of security, large enough key-space, tolerance to Single Event Upsets (SEU) as well as low time complexity.     

Real-time clock comparison and monitoring with multi-GNSS precise point positioning: GPS,GLONASS and Galileo

The precise point positioning (PPP) technique is widely used in time and frequency applications. Because of the real-time service (RTS) project of the International GNSS Service, we can use the PPP technique for real-time clock comparison and monitoring. As a participant in the RTS, the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) implements the PPPWIZARD (Precise Point Positioning with Integer and Zero-difference Ambiguity Resolution Demonstrator) project to validate carrier phase ambiguity resolution. Unlike the Integer-PPP (IPPP) of the CNES, fixing ambiguities in the post-processing mode, the PPPWIZARD operates in the real-time mode, which is also called real-time IPPP (RT-IPPP). This paper focuses on applying the RT-IPPP for real-time clock comparison and monitoring. We review the principle of real-time clock comparison and monitoring, and introduce the methodology of the RT-IPPP technique. The observations of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo were processed for the experiments. Five processing modes were provided in the experiment to analyze the benefits of ambiguity resolution and multi-GNSS. In the clock comparison experiment, the average reduction ratios of standard deviations with respect to the G PPP mode range from 9.7% to 35.0%. In the clock monitoring experiment, G PPP mode can detect clock jumps whose magnitudes are larger than 0.9 ns. The RT-IPPP technique with GRE PPP AR (G) mode allows for the detection of any clock jumps larger than 0.6 ns. For frequency monitoring, G PPP mode allows detection of frequency changes larger than 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁴. When the RT-IPPP technique is applied, monitoring with GRE PPP AR (G) mode can detect frequency changes larger than 6.1 × 10⁻¹⁵.     

RN-FD型固体氡气源的稳定性及应用分析

对测氡仪器进行精确校准是氡测量工作中的重要环节,固体氡气源的稳定性、可靠性在校准中则显得至关重要。本文通过分析RN-FD型固体氡气源对闪烁室K值的稳定性实验结果,认为:RN-FD型固体氡气源标称的浓度值与实际浓度值不一致,标称浓度值只是理论浓度值而不是实际浓度值,需重新刻度才能使用;RN-FD型固体氡气源抽气循环时间不同则浓度不同,但抽气循环时间固定,观测结果比较稳定;对于没有α检查源的台站,RN-FD型固体氡气源可用于氡观测仪器坪区检查。     

干涉SAR图像的降噪方法及水平地形效应消除

考察不同滤波器抑制干涉SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像噪声的效果.为有效地使用低通滤波处理,首先对原始干涉图像进行水平地形效应消除,保证图像信号频率的中心在零频处,降低由干涉SAR系统几何结构引起的信号频率偏移对滤波效果的影响.同时水平地形效应消除后的干涉SAR相位图可直观地反映地形的拓扑结构.实际数据处理结果证明本文提出的水平地形效应消除算法及滤波算法的可行性及有效性.      

考虑传感器动力学的变结构控制

研究了状态不可测系统的变结构控制问题。构造了系统的状态观测器。为了分析系统的抖振,计入了传感器（测量装置）的动力学。在建立了由对象、观测器和传感器组成的系统的动力学方程之后,研究了滑动模态的稳定性及其特性,并用趋近律方法构造出了变结构控制,还给出了关于抖振的又一解释。     

BBO单晶生长过程中气相包裹体形成的实时观察研究

BBO单晶生长过程中包裹体的出现是影响晶体质量及制约晶体尺寸的一个重要因素.利用高温休伦微分干涉显微技术,实时观察了BBO助溶剂法生长过程中出现的气相包裹体的形成过程.结果表明,包裹体产生于完美晶体内部,并趋向于分布在界面附近,单晶生长过程中台阶的发展将有助于制约气相包裹体的形成和分布.      

平面叶栅尾流板开孔率对跨声速涡轮叶栅流道影响的数值分析

跨声速平面叶栅风洞中通常通过尾流板来改善平面叶栅周期性,针对尾流板的设计需求,利用数值模拟的方法,研究了尾流板在15%、30%、50%开孔率下对实验叶栅的影响。数值分析结果表明:叶栅尾缘激波在自由边界上反射后,返回到叶栅通道中,破坏了叶栅通道的周期性;开槽尾流板减少了反射波对叶栅通道的影响,减弱叶栅尾缘激波的反射波强度,在某特定情况下能使反射波变成膨胀波,从而提高了叶栅通道周期性;尾流板开孔率为15%时能极大地改善平面叶栅通道的周期性,相对于开孔率为50%时叶栅的周期性误差降低约16.43%。      

月球取样返回器回收半实物仿真系统研究

月球取样返回器回收半实物仿真系统是通过模拟返回器取压孔附近压力环境,将回收程控装置硬件实物接入仿真系统并构成实时仿真回路的半实物仿真平台。文章介绍了月球取样返回器回收半实物仿真系统的研制意义,对系统总体结构和设计方案、网络环境、运行流程和新的设计特点进行概括,在面向对象的基础上建立了分阶段的月球取样返回器降落伞回收系统整个工作过程的动力学模型,利用空投试验测量数据对模型的仿真精度进行验证分析,并对半实物仿真系统的实时性和压力模拟精度进行了分析。结果表明,半实物仿真系统的各项技术参数均达到设计指标,可为中国探月工程三期中月球取样返回器回收分系统的可靠性评估提供重要的技术支持。     

Recent Advances in Chinese Meridian Project

To develop an understanding of near-Earth space's response to solar activities and the coupling among different layers in geospace, China has initiated a ground base program to monitor China's geospace environment called the Meridian Space Weather Monitoring Project (Chinese Meridian Project). The effort consists of a chain of 15 ground-based observatories located roughly along 120°E longitude and 30°N latitude. Each observatory is equipped with multiple instruments to measure key parameters such as the baseline and time-varying geomagnetic field, as well as the middle and upper atmosphere and ionosphere from about 20 to 1000 kilometers. This project started collecting data in 2012. We will give a brief introduction to the Chinese Meridian Project, and present recent scientific results mainly in ionospheric and atmospheric studies.