顺逆流向喷流干扰下二体分离气动力风洞实验研究及前体轴向力特性

本文概述了具有顺，逆流向喷流干扰的二体分离气动力风洞实验技术研究。对有喷流干扰引起的前体轴向气动力特性，作了简单的介绍。最后对有顺、逆流向喷流干扰的前体底部流动模型作了定性的描绘，可供理论研究时参考。     

脉冲爆震发动机旋流式气动阀工作机理和扰流器阻力特性的实验研究

在脉冲爆振发动机（Pulse detonation engine,PDE)上采用旋流式气动阀,并获得成功应用。在此基础上,通过测量旋流式气动阀正反向流动阻力系数,研究了旋流式气动阀的工作机理。同时,还研究扰流片形状、阻塞比、扰流片片数及间距对扰流器阻力系数的影响。研究表明：PDE旋流式气动阀反向流动阻力系数仅比正向流动阻力系数大5％～36％,并通过试验结果建立了PDE旋流式气动阀工作机理。试验中发现：扰流器的阻力系数和扰流片型式、堵塞比、扰流片数目和间距有关。这些研究结果对PDE旋流式气动阀和扰流器设计有较大的参考价值。     

基于B样条的气动反设计遗传算法研究

在气动反设计中引进了基于自然选择和生物遗传机制的遗传算法,针对遗传算法的搜索原理和气动外形特点,提出了与之相适应的Ｂ样条基因表达,构造了均匀变异与非均匀变异相结合的自适应变异算子,提出了用于优化设计的适应函数,发展了一种小种群演化方法。文中并以全位势方程求解程序为例,进行了翼型重构反设计,验证了本方法的可行性,然后在此基础上进行了基于阻力极小的优化设计,取得了令人满意的结果。     

Analysis of the orbit lifetime of CubeSats in low Earth orbits including periodic variation in drag due to attitude motion

It is estimated that more than 22,300 human-made objects are in orbit around the Earth, with a total mass above 8,400,000 kg. Around 89% of these objects are non-operational and without control, which makes them to be considered orbital debris. These numbers consider only objects with dimensions larger than 10 cm. Besides those numbers, there are also about 2000 operational satellites in orbit nowadays. The space debris represents a hazard to operational satellites and to the space operations. A major concern is that this number is growing, due to new launches and particles generated by collisions. Another important point is that the development of CubeSats has increased exponentially in the last years, increasing the number of objects in space, mainly in the Low Earth Orbits (LEO). Due to the short operational time, CubeSats boost the debris population. One of the requirements for space debris mitigation in LEO is the limitation of the orbital lifetime of the satellites, which needs to be lower than 25 years. However, there are space debris with longer estimated decay time. In LEÓs, the influence of the atmospheric drag is the main orbital perturbation, and is used in maneuvers to increment the losses in the satellite orbital energy, to locate satellites in constellations and to accelerate the decay.The goal of the present research is to study the influence of aerodynamic rotational maneuver in the CubeSat?s orbital lifetime. The rotational axis is orthogonal to the orbital plane of the CubeSat, which generates variations in the ballistic coefficient along the trajectory. The maneuver is proposed to accelerate the decay and to mitigate orbital debris generated by non-operational CubeSats. The panel method is selected to determine the drag coefficient as a function of the flow incident angle and the spinning rate. The pressure distribution is integrated from the satellite faces at hypersonic rarefied flow to calculate the drag coefficient. The mathematical model considers the gravitational potential of the Earth and the deceleration due to drag. To analyze the effects of the rotation during the decay, multiple trajectories were propagated, comparing the results obtained assuming a constant drag coefficient with trajectories where the drag coefficient changes periodically. The initial perigees selected were lower than 400 km of altitude with eccentricities ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Six values for the angular velocity were applied in the maneuver. The technique of rotating the spacecraft is an interesting solution to increase the orbit decay of a CubeSat without implementing additional de-orbit devices. Significant changes in the decay time are presented due to the increase of the mean drag coefficient calculated by the panel method, when the maneuver is applied, reducing the orbital lifetime, however the results are independent of the angular velocity of the satellite.     

平流层飞艇纵向气动特性及减阻实验研究

以美国高空哨兵50平流层飞艇作为背景样机,通过风洞实验研究了布局形式对该型飞艇纵向气动特性的影响。研究表明:与Y形尾翼相比,十字尾翼布局形式具有更大的阻力和升力;从俯仰静稳定性的角度而言,十字尾翼在大迎角下使得飞艇从纵向静不定变为纵向静定;但由于尾翼产生较大的附加阻力,因此需要采取一定的减阻措施。进一步采用微型涡流发生器对飞艇的后体及尾翼处的流动分离进行控制,研究其在不同迎角和侧滑角工况下的减阻效能,发现在α=8°、β=0°或β=-8°、α=0°工况下可以获得减阻效果,且MVG布置更密时,获得的减阻效果更好。     

逆向喷流对双锥导弹外形减阻特性的影响

逆向喷流是一种主动流动控制技术,具有减阻降热特性,可用于高超声速飞行器设计。以典型双锥导弹外形的球头、单锥、双锥（全弹）为研究对象,将喷流发生器和弹体固连,采用CFD方法对逆向喷流的减阻特性进行了数值研究,对比分析了喷流马赫数、喷流压比等参数对不同对象减阻效果的影响。结果表明：逆向喷流流场存在长、短射流穿透两种模态;球头在小压比长射流模态时的减阻效果最佳;单锥和双锥在大压比短射流模态时的减阻效果更好。存在一个最佳压比,使得逆向喷流的减阻效果最佳;喷流压力过大,减阻效果变差,甚至出现阻力系数不降反增情形。逆向喷流减阻效果对控制体选取敏感,若将逆向喷流对头部的减阻特性（超过40%）直接推广至飞行器整机（6%左右）,评估结果过于乐观。综合最佳减阻效果、最佳喷流压比、流量与所需储气瓶体积等影响因素,工程应用时逆向喷流应优先选用声速喷流。     

变体翼梢小翼的减阻机理数值模拟

总结了对翼梢小翼减阻效果影响最大的几何参数,在此基础上采用数值模拟方法研究了这些几何参数的最佳变化范围,为变体翼梢小翼设计提供理论依据.并从气动性能、气动载荷分布和翼尖涡的角度探讨了变体翼梢小翼相对传统翼梢小翼的优缺点.结果表明:在飞机的起飞阶段,变体翼梢小翼的减阻效率比传统翼梢小翼高2.2%,同时将翼尖涡强度降低了15%,有利于提高飞机的燃油效率和机场空域安全;但也会增大机翼的翼根弯矩,因此必须权衡变体翼梢小翼带来的气动收益与结构强度不利因素.     

高超声速飞行器攻角特性数值研究

采用二维耦合隐式欧拉方程对高超声速飞行器内定常无粘流场进行了数值仿真,离散采用二阶迎风格式,分析了攻角变化(-10°~7°)对高超声速飞行器分别处于进气道关闭、发动机通流及发动机点火3种不同工作状态下飞行性能的影响。结果表明,当攻角在-10°~7°之间变化时,飞行器的升力系数和升阻比都是随着攻角的增大而不断增加;而俯仰力矩系数却是随着攻角的变化,先增大后减小;在进气道关闭时,随着攻角的不断增大,飞行器的阻力系数亦不断增加,在其他2种工作状态下,随着攻角的增大,飞行器的阻力系数是先减小,后增加,且变化较缓慢,但阻力系数在3种工况下总的趋势是随着攻角的增大而增大。     

水雷伞的飞行轨迹研究

据水雷伞实测的弹道参数扣除气象条件的影响，求得无风弹道，作为实战投弹的依据。根据无风弹道修正的结果，求出弹伞系统的阻力特征ＣＡ值，作为研究降落伞开伞段理论的基础数据。然后将求出的ＣＡ值代入运动方程算出理论弹道，再把理论弹道与无风弹道相比较，当误差不大时说明理论弹道的计算方法是正确的，可用于一般水雷伞计算理论弹道用。     

共轴刚性旋翼直升机桨毂阻力特性试验

共轴刚性旋翼直升机在突破常规直升机前飞速度极限的同时会产生巨大的桨毂阻力。为研究共轴刚性旋翼直升机桨毂的阻力特性,采用天平测力的方式在1.4m×1.4m直流风洞中对不同的共轴双桨毂组合模型进行了风洞试验。试验状态变量包括桨毂转速、模型各部件间缝隙和不同整流模型组合。试验结果表明:共轴双桨毂试验模型的阻力受对称光滑桨毂旋转运动的影响基本可忽略;各整流部件间缝隙对模型所受阻力影响较大,大缝隙会使试验模型阻力增大;各整流部件分离尾流存在较大的气动干扰,使模型所受阻力明显增加。