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51.
在计算机辅助车削加工自动编程系统中,利用CAD软件系统输入图形,并通过应用程序对其文件格式进行转化,变成CAPP模块所需的基于特征的数据结构。 相似文献
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关飞 《郑州航空工业管理学院学报(管理科学版)》2007,25(5):104-107
2006年开始的农村义务教育经费保障机制改革已经在全国全面铺开,自此,我国农村义务教育财政性经费第一次真正地被纳入公共财政的框架。而在这次改革中,财政专项投资发挥了非同寻常的作用,成为财政投入的主体形式。从义务教育财政专项投资的概念、现状和特点出发,解析农村义务教育经费保障机制改革条件下财政专项投资的资金安排、运营、支付和监管等若干问题,并对专项投资的功效和创新做出理论性的初探。 相似文献
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S. M. Krimigis D. G. Mitchell D. C. Hamilton S. Livi J. Dandouras S. Jaskulek T. P. Armstrong J. D. Boldt A. F. Cheng G. Gloeckler J. R. Hayes K. C. Hsieh W.-H. Ip E. P. Keath E. Kirsch N. Krupp L. J. Lanzerotti R. Lundgren B. H. Mauk R. W. McEntire E. C. Roelof C. E. Schlemm B. E. Tossman B. Wilken D. J. Williams 《Space Science Reviews》2004,114(1-4):233-329
The magnetospheric imaging instrument (MIMI) is a neutral and charged particle detection system on the Cassini orbiter spacecraft designed to perform both global imaging and in-situ measurements to study the overall configuration and dynamics of Saturn’s magnetosphere and its interactions with the solar wind, Saturn’s atmosphere, Titan, and the icy satellites. The processes responsible for Saturn’s aurora will be investigated; a search will be performed for substorms at Saturn; and the origins of magnetospheric hot plasmas will be determined. Further, the Jovian magnetosphere and Io torus will be imaged during Jupiter flyby. The investigative approach is twofold. (1) Perform remote sensing of the magnetospheric energetic (E > 7 keV) ion plasmas by detecting and imaging charge-exchange neutrals, created when magnetospheric ions capture electrons from ambient neutral gas. Such escaping neutrals were detected by the Voyager l spacecraft outside Saturn’s magnetosphere and can be used like photons to form images of the emitting regions, as has been demonstrated at Earth. (2) Determine through in-situ measurements the 3-D particle distribution functions including ion composition and charge states (E > 3 keV/e). The combination of in-situ measurements with global images, together with analysis and interpretation techniques that include direct “forward modeling’’ and deconvolution by tomography, is expected to yield a global assessment of magnetospheric structure and dynamics, including (a) magnetospheric ring currents and hot plasma populations, (b) magnetic field distortions, (c) electric field configuration, (d) particle injection boundaries associated with magnetic storms and substorms, and (e) the connection of the magnetosphere to ionospheric altitudes. Titan and its torus will stand out in energetic neutral images throughout the Cassini orbit, and thus serve as a continuous remote probe of ion flux variations near 20R
S (e.g., magnetopause crossings and substorm plasma injections). The Titan exosphere and its cometary interaction with magnetospheric plasmas will be imaged in detail on each flyby. The three principal sensors of MIMI consists of an ion and neutral camera (INCA), a charge–energy–mass-spectrometer (CHEMS) essentially identical to our instrument flown on the ISTP/Geotail spacecraft, and the low energy magnetospheric measurements system (LEMMS), an advanced design of one of our sensors flown on the Galileo spacecraft. The INCA head is a large geometry factor (G ∼ 2.4 cm2 sr) foil time-of-flight (TOF) camera that separately registers the incident direction of either energetic neutral atoms (ENA) or ion species (≥5∘ full width half maximum) over the range 7 keV/nuc < E < 3 MeV/nuc. CHEMS uses electrostatic deflection, TOF, and energy measurement to determine ion energy, charge state, mass, and 3-D anisotropy in the range 3 ≤ E ≤ 220 keV/e with good (∼0.05 cm2 sr) sensitivity. LEMMS is a two-ended telescope that measures ions in the range 0.03 ≤ E ≤ 18 MeV and electrons 0.015 ≤ E≤ 0.884 MeV in the forward direction (G ∼ 0.02 cm2 sr), while high energy electrons (0.1–5 MeV) and ions (1.6–160 MeV) are measured from the back direction (G ∼ 0.4 cm2 sr). The latter are relevant to inner magnetosphere studies of diffusion processes and satellite microsignatures as well as cosmic ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND). Our analyses of Voyager energetic neutral particle and Lyman-α measurements show that INCA will provide statistically significant global magnetospheric images from a distance of ∼60 R
S every 2–3 h (every ∼10 min from ∼20 R
S). Moreover, during Titan flybys, INCA will provide images of the interaction of the Titan exosphere with the Saturn magnetosphere every 1.5 min. Time resolution for charged particle measurements can be < 0.1 s, which is more than adequate for microsignature studies. Data obtained during Venus-2 flyby and Earth swingby in June and August 1999, respectively, and Jupiter flyby in December 2000 to January 2001 show that the instrument is performing well, has made important and heretofore unobtainable measurements in interplanetary space at Jupiter, and will likely obtain high-quality data throughout each orbit of the Cassini mission at Saturn. Sample data from each of the three sensors during the August 18 Earth swingby are shown, including the first ENA image of part of the ring current obtained by an instrument specifically designed for this purpose. Similarily, measurements in cis-Jovian space include the first detailed charge state determination of Iogenic ions and several ENA images of that planet’s magnetosphere.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date. 相似文献
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城市化发展的阶段性及其规律研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
文章提出了城市化发展一般经历初级、中级和高级三个阶段,并提出了城市化发展的一般规律;农业发展是城市化的初始动力,资本扩张是城市化的原动力,市场机制是加速城市化进程的基础性机制,大城市超前增长,城市经济要与农村经济协调发展,乡村人口进入城市门坎的高低直接影响着城市化的速度和水平。 相似文献
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三维直角叉树切割网格Euler方程自适应算法 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
基于叉树数据结构,实现了一种用于三维直角叉树切割网格的自适应算法,包括对几何外,形以及对流场计算的自适应网格加密技术。在初始网格的生成过程中,根据相邻网格的物面法向向量间的差值,进行针对外形的自适应网格加密;在流场计算中,根据相邻网格间选定物理量梯度的变化,进行针对流场的自适应网格加密。详细地描述了三维直角叉树切割网格的生成过程,以及以任意网格的切割细分算法。在自适应过程中,分别采用了八叉树和全叉树的数据结构,八叉树是基本的数据结构,而全叉树的采用,使网格具有了各向异性的特征,从而大大的减少了自适应网格的数量。采用中心有限体积法,求解Euler方程,并运用上术方法,完成了对外形和流场的逢适应网格加密算法,获得了较好的数值计算结果,证明了自适应算法的正确性,体现了直角叉树切割网格自适应技术的有效性和实用性。 相似文献
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粘流与无粘流的相互作用计算 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
本文总结了粘流/无粘流的各种计算方法和结果。重点在于介绍定常流动中的弱相互作用。首先叙述了弱相互作用的数学模型。给出了不可压流动和跨音速流动中粘流/无粘流相互作用的某些正耦合的计算结果。讨论了在分离区附近边界层正方法失效的原因。然后介绍了边界层反方法和适用于带分离的流动中半反方法耦合的粘流/无粘流的相互作用方法。文中也简单地总结了三维情况的应用和强相互作用。 相似文献