民机制造环节的重量控制和减重措施研究

重量控制贯穿民用飞机从设计、制造到运营的全生命周期。尽管飞机重量的决定性因素主要在设计环节,但从国内外飞机制造商的经验来看,在飞机量产阶段仍有优化的余地。对国内外飞机制造商在飞机制造环节的减重经验进行总结,并重点阐述波音公司在制造过程中的重量预警项目（Manufacturing Weight Awareness Process,简称MWAP）,以期有所启发。     

民机节油策略研究

节油是航空公司的长效措施,各航空公司均很重视。从飞行具体环节出发,基于性能研究民机节油策略,给出飞行前重量、重心、APU 使用和滑行等措施分析和建议,并给出起飞、爬升、巡航、下降和进近着陆的经济飞行节油策略分析和建议。通过对飞行具体环节节油策略的研究,提出重视飞行计划优化和执行的思路,案例分析优化效果,对比分析现有飞行计划方法,得出飞机制造商提供包含飞行计划和QAR(Quick Access Recorder)分析系统等的整体IT解决方案,是提升节油效果的一个性价比很高的选择的结论。     

基于等 Weber 数的结冰外形修正

由于设备条件的限制,在进行结冰风洞试验时,试验 Weber 数与目标 Weber 数往往存在差异,为了获得与目标 Weber 数对应的冰形,需要对试验结果进行修正。本文分析了进行 Weber 数修正的原因,提出了根据几何特征量进行结冰外形修正的方法,并以某超临界翼型为对象,对不同 Weber 条件下的结冰外形进行了仿真,研究了Weber 数变化对结冰的影响规律,在此基础上开展了基于等 Weber 数的结冰外形修正。研究发现：(1)Weber 数主要影响冰角特征,对水滴收集特性、结冰极限及驻点冰厚度影响较小;(2)存在一个敏感 Weber 数,低于敏感值时, Weber 数变化对结冰影响不大,当 Weber 数高于敏感值时,Weber 数变化对结冰有明显影响;(3)采用本文提出的冰形修正方法,能保证冰形的宏观轮廓与目标冰形一致,修正后的冰形能适量消除由于 Weber 数误差导致的冰形差异,提高试验的精度。     

扑翼飞行器非定常气动特性研究

为了研究复杂的非定常运动状态下扑翼飞行器翅翼的气动特性,针对自行研制的一种仿鸟扑翼飞行器建立了翅翼二维非定常空气动力学模型.基于该模型,通过用MATLAB编制计算升力系数和推力系数的程序,计算并分析了各运动参数对升力和推力特性的影响.结果表明,相位差对推力系数的影响较大,而升力系数随迎角的变化较快.     

加装吊舱对飞机操稳特性的影响及其尺寸界定

在机身等部位加装吊舱会导致飞机气动外形发生变化,为保证飞行安全,需要评估吊舱对飞机操稳特性的影响.通过CFD方法计算了某型飞机在加装不同尺寸吊舱下的气动特性,在原型机基础上通过增量法建立飞机飞行动力学模型,以必要的操稳特性指标为依据,评估加装吊舱对原型机操稳特性的影响,并结合飞行品质标准及飞机使用限制,给出了吊舱尺寸界限.结果表明,加装吊舱对原型机短周期模态、螺旋模态、定常直线平飞和俯仰拉升时的操纵有一定的影响,依据影响绘制尺寸界定区域图可为飞机改装提供依据.     

基于Kalman滤波的变体飞行器T-S模糊控制

针对变体飞行器的跟踪控制问题,提出了一种基于Kalman滤波的T-S模糊控制方法。考虑飞行器系统状态不可测,引入惯导数据作为辅助信息,利用Kalman滤波算法融合飞控信息与惯导信息实现状态估计。由于变体飞行器在不同变形结构下气动特性变化较大,为便于控制器设计,采用小扰动线性化方法得到飞行器在不同平衡点处的局部线性模型,并通过状态反馈方法设计局部控制器,局部线性模型和局部控制器通过模糊集和模糊规则聚合成一个连续光滑的全局T-S模糊模型和T-S模糊控制器。通过综合Kalman滤波器与T-S模糊控制器得到一个基于Kalman滤波的T-S模糊控制器。仿真结果表明,该控制器在变形过程中能够实现状态估计,保证飞机的跟踪性能。     

Water takeoff performance calculation method for amphibious aircraft based on digital virtual flight

Owing to the strong coupling among the hydrodynamic forces, aerodynamic forces and motion of amphibious aircraft during the water takeoff process, the water takeoff performance is difficult to calculate accurately and quickly. Based on an analysis of the dynamics and kinematics characteristics of amphibious aircraft and the hydrodynamic theory of high-speed planing hulls, a suitable mathematical model is established for calculating the hydrodynamics of aircraft during water takeoff. A pilot model is designed to illustrate how pilots are affected by the lack of visual reference and the necessity to simultaneously control the pitch angle, flight velocity and other parameters during water takeoff. Combined with the aerodynamic model, engine thrust model and aircraft motion model, a digital virtual flight simulation model is developed for amphibious aircraft during water takeoff, and a calculation method for the water takeoff performance of amphibious aircraft is proposed based on digital virtual flight. Typical performance indicators, such as the liftoff time and liftoff distance, can be obtained via digital virtual flight calculations. A comparison of the measured flight test data and the calculation results shows that the calculation error is less than 10%, which verifies the correctness and accuracy of the proposed method. This method can be used for the preliminary evaluation of airworthiness compliance of amphibious aircraft design schemes, and the relevant calculation results can also provide a theoretical reference for the formulation of flight test plans for airworthiness certification.     

基于火箭橇的无人机碰撞民用飞机试验技术研究

无人机碰撞民用飞机关键部位损伤程度的研究是民航领域关注的新型热点问题。本文首次提出采用 火箭橇试验评估无人机碰撞民用飞机的安全性。通过对碰撞速度、碰撞位置、无人机姿态、参数测量等进行研 究,设计碰撞技术方案,论述火箭橇的设计、弹道控制设计、强度校核和测试方案,并进行试验验证和仿真计算。 结果表明:本文设计的火箭橇碰撞试验方案是可行的,实现了单一弹道上的连续多点碰撞及多视角、全覆盖、高 稳定的全过程记录;可为后续开展同类碰撞试验提供必要的技术参考,所开展的多发次碰撞试验也为无人机碰 撞民用飞机的安全性评估提供了有效的试验数据。     

国内航空公司飞机维修中的自编工卡

通过对国内某大型航空公司8种机型在用工卡的统计分析,揭示在飞机维修中自编工卡的普遍分布规律,分析其在飞机维修中发挥的作用。     

AIRCRAFT CONCEPT EVALUATION AND EFFECTIVENESS-BASED DECISION-MAKING

Based on effectiveness analysis, a novel method is presented for combat aircraft top-hierarchy concept evaluation and decision-making. Applying multi-criterion decision-making （MCDM） and analytic hierarchy process, the new method can help to overcome the limitations of existing evaluation systems and decision-make methods. The proposed method includes the following process~ （1） Establish a multi-criterion and multi-hierarchy evaluation attribute system by introducing combat effectiveness~ （2） Assign weight to the attributes and normalize them; （3） Evaluate and decision-make top-hierarchy aircraft concept based on effectiveness to reach a satisfactory design by comprehensively applying four multi-criterion decision-making methodologies, i.e. grey correlation pro- jection method, weighted summation method, weighted quadrature method and ideal solution decision-making method, while considering the attribute hierarchy system and the logical relations among the attributes. Finally, an example is given to indicate the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.