Introduction to global short message communication service of BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system

Short Message Communication (SMC) is a featured service of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). After its successful deployment in 2003, Regional Short Message Communication (RSMC) service has been continuously serving China and its neighboring countries and regions, especially in life safety scenarios. In this paper, the architecture of the Global Short Message Communication (GSMC) system is proposed based on the medium earth orbit (MEO) constellation and the crosslinks of the global BeiDou navigation system (BDS-3). Three subtypes of GSMC service, i.e. positioning report, emergency search and rescue (SAR) and regular SMC are designed in accordance with the technical characteristic of integration of navigation and communication in BDS-3, which supports future wide applications of GSMC. The performance of the designed GSMC system is analyzed by numerical calculations. As BDS-3 was officially announced completion on July 31, 2020, GSMC has been providing initial service. First test results of the in orbit GSMC payloads are also presented in the paper to verify the designed capabilities. Preliminary results also show that the requirements of Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) can also be fulfilled.     

Using vegetation indices and texture measures to estimate vegetation fractional coverage (VFC) of planted and natural forests in Nanjing city,China

Vegetation fractional coverage (VFC) is an important vegetation parameter affecting exchanges of carbon, water, energy between the atmosphere and surface. In this study, the applicability of tonal and texture measures calculated using an IKONOS_2 image in retrieving VFC of forests was investigated in the urban area of Nanjing city, China. Four spectral vegetation indices (VI) and six texture measures (TEX) were related to VFCs acquired from in situ measurements. Models for estimating VFC based on VIs or/and TEXs were established and validated for planted low broad-leaf forest plots (PLB), planted mature forest plots (PMF), natural broad-leaf forest plots (NBF), and all forest plots (ALLv), respectively. The results show that high spatial resolution remote sensing data is applicable to estimate VFC in urban areas, and TEXs may act as effective supplements of vegetation indices (VIs) for the retrieval of VFC. VIs are suitable for VFC estimation of mature forests (such as NBF and PMF) with high vegetation density, and TEXs can yield a more accurate estimate for planted forests (such as PLB and PMF) with regular spatial distribution if they are calculated with proper parameters, such as window size. The combination of VIs and TEXs improve the estimation of VFC if forest types are not previously differentiated. The results can be used as a reference for determining effective spectral or texture parameters in VFC estimation under similar environmental conditions according to vegetation maturity and regularity.     

基于改进的NSGA-Ⅱ算法的区域覆盖卫星星座优化

对基于Pareto最优概念的非劣性分层遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)进行了改进，与区域覆盖卫星星座的多目标优化设计相结合，提出基于改进的NSGA-Ⅱ算法的区域覆盖卫星星座优化设计方法，并利用多属性决策中的字典序法，根据目标的重要程度，在得到的Pareto解中进行选择．最后，利用STK和Matlab工具对遥感卫星星座进行了仿真，仿真结果表明该算法可以找到多个Pareto解，避免了传统的多目标优化求解方法的权值选择问题，并且比简单遗传算法具有更好的灵活性，从而解决了多目标优化的星座设计问题。     

Characterization of the low latitude plasma density irregularities observed using C/NOFS and SCINDA data

Complex electrodynamic processes over the low latitude region often result in post sunset plasma density irregularities which degrade satellite communication and navigation. In order to forecast the density irregularities, their occurrence time, duration and location need to be quantified. Data from the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite was used to characterize the low latitude ion density irregularities from 2011 to 2013. This was supported by ground based data from the SCIntillation Network Decision Aid (SCINDA) receivers at Makerere (Geographic coordinate 32.6°E, 0.3°N, and dip latitude ?9.3°N) and Nairobi (Geographic coordinate 36.8°E, ?1.3°N, and dip latitude ?10.8°N). The results show that irregularities in ion density have a daily pattern with peaks from 20:00 to 24:00 Local Time (LT). Scintillation activity at L band and VHF over East Africa peaked in 2011 and 2012 from 20:00 to 24:00 LT, though in many cases scintillation at VHF persisted longer than that at L band. A longitudinal pattern in ion density irregularity occurrence was observed with peaks over 135–180°E and 270–300°E. The likelihood of ion density irregularity occurrence decreased with increasing altitude. Analysis of C/NOFS zonal ion drift velocities showed that the largest nighttime and daytime drifts were in 270–300°E and 300–330°E longitude regions respectively. Zonal irregularity drift velocities over East Africa were for the first time estimated from L-band scintillation indices. The results show that the velocity of plasma density irregularities in 2011 and 2012 varied daily, and hourly in the range of 50–150 m s^?1. The zonal drift velocity estimates from the L-band scintillation indices had good positive correlation with the zonal drift velocities derived from VHF receivers by the spaced receiver technique.     

航空宽带通信无线信号接入技术

主要研究航空无线宽带通信系统的无线网络信号覆盖(无线接入网)问题.提出了三种无线信号覆盖模型:地面基站信号覆盖模型、卫星中继信号覆盖模型、高空平台通信系统(HAPS)覆盖模型.然后从建设成本、技术难点、覆盖效果等角度综合分析了各个模型的优缺点.最后得到以下结论及建议:地面基站信号覆盖模型技术成熟,但是建设成本高,比较适合机场及繁忙的航线航路;卫星中继信号覆盖模型建设成本低廉,但是传输数据速率低,难以满足宽带通信要求,这种模型比较适合跨洋航线、非繁忙航线以及临时航线;HAPS(高空平台通信系统)模型覆盖范围广、工程造价低,但是技术不够成熟,因此可以作为未来航空宽带通信信号覆盖技术的选择.     

高阶带谐摄动下卫星相对运动精确动力学模型

在考虑J 2 项摄动的卫星相对运动精确动力学模型基础上,推导了可以精确到任意阶带谐非球形引力摄动的卫星相对运动精确动力学模型,还给出了一组简洁的基于参考卫星轨道要素（Reference Satellite Variables）的微分方程,能够描述精确到任意阶带谐非球形引力的卫星地球轨道运动。由于在模型推导过程中没有引入任何简化,新推导的结果适用于任意偏心率的地球轨道。     

A Simulation of the Mid-and Low-latitude Ionospheric Electric Fields

A theoretical model of ionospheric electric fields at mid- and low-latitudes is developed. In the geomagnetic dipolar coordinate system, the ionospheric dynamo equations were solved, and the ionospheric electric potential and electric field were derived respectively. Major parameters for the model inputs, such as the neutral winds, the densities and temperatures of electron, ions and neutrals, are obtained from empirical models. The global ionospheric electrical potential and field at mid- and low-latitudes derived from our model are largely in agreement with the results presented by other authors and the empirical model. Using our model, it is found that the diurnal component of the HWM93 wind mainly contributed to the formation of the vertical electric field, while the semidiurnal component mainly contributed to the zonal electric field. Finally, by adjustment of the input F region winds and conductivities, most discrepancies between our model and the empirical one can be eliminated, and it is proved that the F region dynamo is the most significant contribution to the electric fields.      

地月L2点周期轨道的月球背面覆盖分析

地月L2点附近轨道具备独特的动力学和运动学特性,是月球背面探测任务的中继卫星首选布设位置。面向未来月球背面探测任务的中继通信需求,分析并研究了地月L2点周期轨道(halo轨道)对月球背面的覆盖。在圆型限制性三体问题模型下,研究并给出了halo轨道族延拓计算方法,基于延拓法设计了地月系大范围南北halo轨道族;给出了中继卫星的月球背面覆盖计算模型,定义了相应的时间覆盖因子;数值仿真了地月系南北halo轨道族的月球背面覆盖情况。研究结果表明:地月L2点周期轨道幅值和类型决定其对月面的覆盖性,幅值较小的轨道的月面整体覆盖性较好,幅值较大的轨道对月球南北极覆盖较好,南北族轨道分别有利于月球南北半球的覆盖。文章研究可为我国"嫦娥4号"月球背面探测任务的中继星轨道设计提供有益参考和借鉴。     

高空平台通信系统中基于预测的小区切换算法

在平流层的环境中,高空平台(HAPS)的扰动特性严重影响了通信系统的小区切换性能。在平台扰动和终端移动的场景中,基于固定门限的切换算法容易增加不必要的切换次数,切换性能较差。建立HAPS覆盖模型,用户终端根据其速度动态选择切换检测周期,提出基于接收信号强度差分最小均方预测的自适应切换算法,推导了无线链路失败率的上限。仿真结果表明,相比传统固定门限的切换算法,本文算法有效降低了不必要的切换,同时还可将无线链路失败率控制在1%以下,能够适应多种通信场景。     

喷丸强化Ti6Al4V钛合金的数值模拟

为了更加真实地模拟Ti6Al4V钛合金的喷丸强化过程,建立了一个基于概率控制多弹丸冲击靶面位置的三维喷丸有限元模型,以考虑喷丸强化过程中弹丸之间的相互作用。模拟了喷丸角度为60°和90°的两种工况,结果表明:对于相同的弹丸尺寸和初始速度,达到完全喷丸覆盖率和饱和喷丸强度,60°喷丸角度工况在单位受喷面积上需要的弹丸个数为15/D2(D是弹丸直径),90°喷丸角度工况需要的弹丸个数为35/D2;在达到完全喷丸覆盖率的过程中,随着弹丸个数的增加,喷丸强化的残余压应力逐渐增大并趋于稳定,而受喷表面粗糙度基本呈线性增大;在完全喷丸覆盖率下,相对于60°喷丸角度工况,90°喷丸角度工况的表面残余压应力较小,但最大残余压应力较大,表面粗糙度也较大。