Particle Acceleration by the Sun: Electrons, Hard X-rays/Gamma-rays

Observations of hard X-ray (HXR)/γ-ray continuum and γ-ray lines produced by energetic electrons and ions, respectively, colliding with the solar atmosphere, have shown that large solar flares can accelerate ions up to many GeV and electrons up to hundreds of MeV. Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are observed by spacecraft near 1 AU and by ground-based instrumentation to extend up to similar energies, but it appears that a different acceleration process, one associated with fast Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) is responsible. Much weaker SEP events are observed that are generally rich in electrons, ³He, and heavy elements. The energetic particles in these events appear to be similar to those accelerated in flares. The Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) mission provides high-resolution spectroscopy and imaging of flare HXRs and γ-rays. The observations of the location, energy spectra, and composition of the flare accelerated energetic particles at the Sun strongly imply that the acceleration is closely related to the magnetic reconnection that releases the energy in solar flares. Here preliminary comparisons of the RHESSI observations with observations of both energetic electrons and ions near 1 AU are reviewed, and the implications for the particle acceleration and escape processes are discussed.     

对称矩阵反问题解的稳定性

考虑如下对称矩阵反问题：问题Ⅰ：给定Ｘ，Ｂ∈Ｒ（ｎ×ｎ），求Ａ∈ＳＲ（ｎ×ｎ）使得ＡＸ＝Ｂ，其中ＳＲ（ｎ×ｎ）＝｛｛Ａ｜Ａ∈Ｒ（ｎ×ｎ），ＡＴ＝Ａ｝。问题Ⅱ：给定，求使得其中是矩阵的Ｆｒｏｂｅｎｉｕｓ范数，ＳＡ表示问题Ⅰ的解集合。本文讨论问题Ⅰ解的稳定性，给出问题Ⅱ解的扰动界。     

一维波动方程的小波解法

利用具有紧文集的Datubechies正交小波基函数，构造出了一种新的计算一维波动方程的数值方法——小波解法。由于该方法充分利用了Daubechies小波函数良好的局部性质，并且巧妙地运用了Fourier变换，数值试验表明该方法不但精度高，而且计算量小。     

Evolution of X-ray binaries: Achievements and advances

Three recent developments in the field of formation and evolution of neutron stars and black holes in binaries are addressed:

• The finding that there is a class of neutron stars, formed in interacting binaries, that do not receive kick velocities in their birth events. This finding is particularly important for our understanding of the formation – and formation rates – of double neutron stars. It is argued that these low-kick neutron stars, which tend to have low masses, are formed by a different physical mechanism than the neutron stars that receive large kick velocities at birth.

• The occurrence of velocity kicks in the formation events of stellar black holes.

• The nature of the companions of millisecond X-ray pulsars.

中心频率为175MHz复合布拉格声光器件的设计

介绍以钼酸铅为声光介质、中心频率为１７５ＭＨｚ复合声光器件的设计，计算了以铟为粘合层时换能器带宽并确定了镀层厚度，该器件带宽为１２０ＭＨｚ，时间带宽积达１２０７．５，初步满足声光信号处理的需要。     

What is the role of magnetic null points in large flares?

We have performed the analysis of the magnetic topology of active region NOAA 10486 before two large flares occurring on October 26 and 28, 2003. The 3D extrapolation of the photospheric magnetic field shows the existence of magnetic null points when using two different methods. We use TRACE 1600 Å and 195 Å brightenings as tracers of the energy release due to magnetic reconnections. We conclude on the three following points:

1. The small events observed before the flares are related to low lying null points. They are long lasting and associated with low energy release. They are not triggering the large flares.

2. On October 26, a high altitude null point is found. We look for bright patches that could correspond to the signatures of coronal reconnection at the null point in TRACE 1600 Å images. However, such bright patches are not observed before the main flare, they are only observed after it.

3. On October 28, four ribbons are observed in TRACE images before the X17 flare. We interpret them as due to a magnetic breakout reconnection in a quadrupolar configuration. There is no magnetic null point related to these four ribbons, and this reconnection rather occurs at quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs).

We conclude that the existence of a null point in the corona is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition to give rise to large flares.     

From solar nanoflares to stellar giant flares: Scaling laws and non-implications for coronal heating

In this study we explore physical scaling laws applied to solar nanoflares, microflares, and large flares, as well as to stellar giant flares. Solar flare phenomena exhibit a fractal volume scaling, V(L)  L^1.9, with L being the flare loop length scale, which explains the observed correlation between the total emission measure EM_p and flare peak temperature T_p in both solar and stellar flares. However, the detected stellar flares have higher emission measures EM_p than solar flares at the same flare peak temperature T_p, which can be explained by a higher electron density that is caused by shorter heating scale height ratios s_H/L ≈ 0.04–0.1. Using these scaling laws we calculate the total radiated flare energies E_X and thermal flare energies E_T and find that the total counts C are a good proxy for both parameters. Comparing the energies of solar and stellar flares we find that even the smallest observed stellar flares exceed the largest solar flares, and thus their observed frequency distributions are hypothetically affected by an upper cutoff caused by the maximum active region size limit. The powerlaw slopes fitted near the upper cutoff can then not reliably be extrapolated to the microflare regime to evaluate their contribution to coronal heating.     

星载宽测绘带合成孔径雷达成象处理

波束扫描合成孔径雷达是为了满足星载合成孔径雷达宽测绘的要求而提出的，本文主要研究ＳＣＡＮＳＡＲ成象处理。ＳＣＡＮＳＡＲ的工作原理、信号格式、信号结构和信号参数限制的深入分析是成象处理研究的基础，成象处理算法包括块数据成象算法和块图象拼接算法两部分，频谱分析法和时域频域混合相关法被用于块数据成象，块图象的拼接是利用时间关系剪裁块图象再顺次拼接，完整的计算机仿真验证了本文提出的ＳＣＡＮＳＡＲ信号格式和     

Measurements of the 12C/13C Ratio in Planetary Nebulae and Implications for Stellar Evolution

We present the results of a study aimed at determining the 12C/13C ratio in two samples of planetary nebulae (PNe) by means of mm-wave observations of 12CO and 13CO. The first group includes six PNe which have been observed in the 3He+ hyperfine transition; the other group consists of 23 nebulae with rich molecular envelopes. We have determined the isotopic ratio in 14 objects and the results indicate a range of values between 9 and 23. In particular, three PNe have ratios well below the value predicted by standard evolutionary models ( 20), indicating that some extra-mixing process has occurred in these stars. We briefly discuss the implications of our results for standard and nonstandard stellar nucleosynthesis.     

Impact Cratering Theory and Modeling for the Deep Impact Mission: From Mission Planning to Data Analysis

The cratering event produced by the Deep Impact mission is a unique experimental opportunity, beyond the capability of Earth-based laboratories with regard to the impacting energy, target material, space environment, and extremely low-gravity field. Consequently, impact cratering theory and modeling play an important role in this mission, from initial inception to final data analysis. Experimentally derived impact cratering scaling laws provide us with our best estimates for the crater diameter, depth, and formation time: critical in the mission planning stage for producing the flight plan and instrument specifications. Cratering theory has strongly influenced the impactor design, producing a probe that should produce the largest possible crater on the surface of Tempel 1 under a wide range of scenarios. Numerical hydrocode modeling allows us to estimate the volume and thermodynamic characteristics of the material vaporized in the early stages of the impact. Hydrocode modeling will also aid us in understanding the observed crater excavation process, especially in the area of impacts into porous materials. Finally, experimentally derived ejecta scaling laws and modeling provide us with a means to predict and analyze the observed behavior of the material launched from the comet during crater excavation, and may provide us with a unique means of estimating the magnitude of the comet’s gravity field and by extension the mass and density of comet Tempel 1.