基于伪距和观测量的地球同步卫星动力学定轨研究

利用伪距和观测量对同步卫星进行了动力学定轨的研究，给出了伪距和观测量的测量方程和修正方法，采用国内4个监测站的模拟数据进行了仿真计算．结果表明，采用7天弧长伪距和数据进行轨道改进及轨道外推的精度，与5天弧长数据的计算结果相当，但远优于3天数据的计算结果．在观测随机误差为3m时，7天弧长数据定轨精度约为5m，预报7天径向精度优于20m．     

A Space Debris Primer for Astronomers

In this journal, 'space debris' usually carries implications of aerospace activities, but it was not always thus. Humankind has been concerned with sky debris (often not knowing it was that) since eyes were turned skyward. Before space exploration began, astronomers specialized in comet tails, asteroids, meteorites, aurorae and zodiacal light. It was inevitable that they stay near the forefront of the new space technologies, even before Explorer I explained the aurorae. Now, the emphasis is on manmade debris, for the simple reason that an astronomical experiment proved that to be the preponderant component of the total debris environment. We present here a review survey of the total near-Earth debris complex, artificial and cosmic. Our goal is three-fold: (1) To detail to both astronomers and spaceflight specialists the long and heavy astronomical activity, (2) to give an overview of what has been and is being done, and (3) to suggest some possible directions for the future.     

The GFZ real-time GNSS precise positioning service system and its adaption for COMPASS

Motivated by the IGS real-time Pilot Project, GFZ has been developing its own real-time precise positioning service for various applications. An operational system at GFZ is now broadcasting real-time orbits, clocks, global ionospheric model, uncalibrated phase delays and regional atmospheric corrections for standard PPP, PPP with ambiguity fixing, single-frequency PPP and regional augmented PPP. To avoid developing various algorithms for different applications, we proposed a uniform algorithm and implemented it into our real-time software. In the new processing scheme, we employed un-differenced raw observations with atmospheric delays as parameters, which are properly constrained by real-time derived global ionospheric model or regional atmospheric corrections and by the empirical characteristics of the atmospheric delay variation in time and space. The positioning performance in terms of convergence time and ambiguity fixing depends mainly on the quality of the received atmospheric information and the spatial and temporal constraints. The un-differenced raw observation model can not only integrate PPP and NRTK into a seamless positioning service, but also syncretize these two techniques into a unique model and algorithm. Furthermore, it is suitable for both dual-frequency and sing-frequency receivers. Based on the real-time data streams from IGS, EUREF and SAPOS reference networks, we can provide services of global precise point positioning (PPP) with 5–10 cm accuracy, PPP with ambiguity-fixing of 2–5 cm accuracy, PPP using single-frequency receiver with accuracy of better than 50 cm and PPP with regional augmentation for instantaneous ambiguity resolution of 1–3 cm accuracy. We adapted the system for current COMPASS to provide PPP service. COMPASS observations from a regional network of nine stations are used for precise orbit determination and clock estimation in simulated real-time mode, the orbit and clock products are applied for real-time precise point positioning. The simulated real-time PPP service confirms that real-time positioning services of accuracy at dm-level and even cm-level is achievable with COMPASS only.     

人工智能在卫星任务规划中的应用

智能规划与调度是实现卫星自主规划其飞行任务的关键。将人工智能方法应用于卫星的任务规划,以执行对地观测任务为例,将任务规划问题归于组合优化问题,建立了相应的数学模型,并应用Hopfield神经网络算法进行求解,结果表明,该方法可用于单个仪器的任务规划。     

一种快速检测GPS卫星完好性风险的方法

提出了一种观测量组合算法对完好性风险进行了监测;并针对多接收机单统计量的线性组合进行了讨论;最后利用实际数据对该统计方法进行验证。研究结果表明:在发生失效的情况下,观测量组合算法能够更快地监测故障的发生,提高了对故障的检测速度,同时可检测出小偏差故障,降低系统的漏检率。     

一种具备星间链路的中轨对地观测星座设计

采用轨道高度为2165.6 km、回归周期为1天的太阳同步回归轨道建立了一个包含6颗卫星、具备星间链路的中轨对地观测星座。通过卫星自身的侧摆姿态机动功能,可以实现对同一目标1天之内的多次观测,以完成区域性准实时成像、灾害灾情监测等任务,极大地提高了观测的时间分辨率。在星座内部,相邻两颗卫星之间建立了5000 bit/s码速率测控和250 Mbit/s码速率数传的星间链路,能够充分利用单颗卫星在境内的可视弧段,通过地面与单颗卫星建立星地链路就可以同时完成与所有卫星的星地通信。     

In-situ observation and finite element analysis of fretting fatigue crack propagation behavior in 1045 steel

In this paper fretting fatigue crack behavior in 1045 steel is studied by in-situ observation and finite element analysis. in-situ fretting fatigue experiments are conducted to capture real-time fretting fatigue crack formation and propagation process. The fretting fatigue tests under different load conditions are carried out, then the lifetime and fracture surface are obtained. The crack propagation rates under different loading conditions are measured by in-situ observations. With in-situ observation, crack initiation location and direction are analyzed. Finite element model is used to calculate J-integral which then is applied to fitting with experimental crack growth rate, and establishing crack growth rate model. From fitted S-N curve, it turns out that smaller load ratio leads to higher lifetime. Crack initiates slightly below the point equivalent to line contact of the contact surface in different test conditions, and crack direction shows no obvious relationship with load parameters. The established crack growth rate model well agrees with the test results.     

Mission analysis and systems design of a near-term and far-term pole-sitter mission

This paper provides a detailed mission analysis and systems design of a near-term and far-term pole-sitter mission. The pole-sitter concept was previously introduced as a solution to the poor temporal resolution of polar observations from highly inclined, low Earth orbits and the poor high-latitude coverage from geostationary orbit. It considers a spacecraft that is continuously above either the north or south pole and, as such, can provide real-time, continuous and hemispherical coverage of the polar regions. Being on a non-Keplerian orbit, a continuous thrust is required to maintain the pole-sitter position. For this, two different propulsion strategies are proposed, which result in a near-term pole-sitter mission using solar electric propulsion (SEP) and a far-term pole-sitter mission where the SEP thruster is hybridized with a solar sail. For both propulsion strategies, minimum propellant pole-sitter orbits are designed. In order to maximize the spacecraft mass at the start of the operations phase of the mission, the transfer from Earth to the pole-sitter orbit is designed and optimized assuming either a Soyuz or an Ariane 5 launch. The maximized mass upon injection into the pole-sitter orbit is subsequently used in a detailed mass budget analysis that will allow for a trade-off between mission lifetime and payload mass capacity. Also, candidate payloads for a range of applications are investigated. Finally, transfers between north and south pole-sitter orbits are considered to overcome the limitations in observations due to the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis that causes the poles to be alternately situated in darkness. It will be shown that in some cases these transfers allow for propellant savings, enabling a further extension of the pole-sitter mission.     

耦合位置误差的机载惯性/星光组合算法研究

针对星敏测量输出的是惯性系下姿态信息,无法直接应用于实际的机载地理系下姿态组合导航,提出了地理系下耦合位置误差的机载惯性/星光组合滤波算法。该算法分析了
惯性姿态到地理系姿态之间的相互转换关系,在建立的地理系下姿态线性化量测方程基础上,通过引入导航位置误差转换矩阵,建立了星敏测量的惯性姿态到惯性导航计算输出的地理系姿态之间的耦合误差模型;同时针对姿态观测时高度通道不可观的特点,增加了气压高度输出为系统的观测量;实现了基于星敏测量的惯性系下姿态对地理系下惯性导航误差的直接修正。姿态耦合误差仿真结果表明该组合导航算法设计成功可行,为星敏在机载环境下的组合导航应用提供了新的思路。
     

基于路标观测角的星际着陆器自主位姿确定技术

针对利用导航路标进行六自由度状态估计这一非线性、模糊性问题,对星际着陆器自主位姿确定技术进行了研究。为了减小算法的复杂性,提高求解精度,基于欧式变换下角度不变性,提出以导航路标观测视线之间所形成的夹角作为观测量,对像素观测方程中位置、姿态状态进行解耦求解。通过对观测矩阵的讨论,分析了导航路标空间分布对位姿确定精度的影响,给出了导航路标选取的最优观测方案。最后利用蒙特卡罗仿真对所提导航算法进行了验证,并对影响导航精度的各相关因素进行了分析。