固液混合火箭发动机技术综述与展望

介绍了固液混合火箭发动机的特点、发展历史和现状,结合我国航天发展情况,分析了固液混合火箭发动机在航天领域中的应用前景,指出了固液混合火箭发动机适合应用于探空火箭、小型运载火箭、靶标与导弹、亚轨道飞行器及载人飞船、助推器及上面级与姿轨控系统中,应用前景广泛。总结和介绍了北航固液探空火箭的设计方法和研制情况,分析了影响固液混合火箭发动机性能提高和应用的主要关键技术。     

一种高精度定量方式在上面级加注系统中的应用

简述了发射北斗导航卫星时上面级加注系统的精度要求以及常规航天推进剂加注系统精度实际情况。为了满足上面级加注系统的高精度要求,引入了一种全新的地面定量方式,即电子秤和气体质量流量控制器联合系统定量方式,并对这种全新的定量方式进行了详细分析和理论计算。分析和试验结果表明,该定量方式正确可行,定量精度高,满足上面级对加注系统高精度的要求。     

上面级天文导航恒星视位置计算方法研究

恒星视位置计算是上面级天文导航星库建立的基础。首先,在国际天文联合协会(IAU)工具箱的基础上,介绍了恒星视位置计算中的各个数学模型,并设计了视位置计算的算法;然后,对某些特定星表进行处理,获得相应恒星的标准星历信息,对这些恒星采用本文的视位置算法进行视位置计算;最后,将计算结果与专业的天文软件及中国天文年历进行比较,来验证本文视位置算法的精度。计算结果表明:本文提出的视位置算法具有较高的精度(0.03″级别),满足上面级天文导航的要求。另外,本文通过对视位置误差的分析,给出了各种误差因素对视位置计算精度的影响。     

远程自主接近轨道设计技术

对完成任务的运载火箭末级、失效卫星等空间非合作目标进行空间操作是复杂的,需要地面测控网与主动航天器的密切合作才能完成抵近及相应操作。以火箭末级残骸作为空间非合作目标,给出了远程自主接近的轨道设计方法。通过地面遥控上传的目标轨道参数,主动航天器进行自主异面机动、主动调相等多次点火,完成对非合作目标的远程接近,接近距离在50km之内,2016年6月底远征一号甲上面级的成功飞行验证了该方法和设计结果的有效性。     

Observation of aphelion cloud belt over Martian tropics,its evolution,and associated dust distribution from MCS data

The present study uses five Martian years of observations from Mars Climate Sounder onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for investigating the Aphelion Cloud Belt (ACB) over the tropics. Analysis of zonal mean water ice column opacity suggests that the spatial extension of the ACB is mainly confined over the tropics and mid-latitudes (-20 – 40°N) during L_S ~ 45 – 135° (L_S = 0° signifies northern spring equinox). The ACB is seen primarily in the nighttime only due to the truncation of the daytime profile observations at significantly higher altitudes (at ~30 km). Zonal mean ice extinction profiles show ACB’s altitudinal range within ~10 – 40 km, and the existence of a thin cloud band in the absence of a thick ACB during aphelion season. Three phases of the ACB could be identified as the formation phase during L_S = 45 – 75° (phase 1), the peak phase during L_S = 76 – 105° (phase 2), and the decaying phase during L_S = 106 – 135° (phase 3). Observation of the cloud latitude belt shows a northward movement starting from phase 2, prominent over regions nearby Lunae Planum and Xanthe Terra. During this phase, the top level of thick clouds within the ACB decreases to ~20 km in the southern hemisphere, while it increases a little over the northern hemisphere (NH). The decreasing tendency continues in phase 3 over the entire region ?10 – 10°N, and the thick cloud base moves higher over the NH, though the vertical depth of it becomes narrower than phase 2. Temperature profiles do not show any noticeable influence on the northward evolution of the ACB. However, the study at a regional level indicates a possible association of upper tropospheric dustiness with the ACB’s evolution. The mechanism is evident in the correlation analysis mostly at an altitude range of ~18 – 35 km. The migrating semidiurnal tide (SMD) as a proxy of dust or water ice forcing, and the calculated upper tropospheric dust radiative heating, shows an apparent northward movement of their peak amplitude within the three phases of the ACB. This match between the spatiotemporal variations of the SMD and the water ice was not observed previously. However, the correlating behavior seems to be prominent in the areas nearby Lunae Planum and Xanthe Terra and the upper-tropospheric region of the atmosphere.     

先进上面级变轨段姿态解耦控制研究

针对多星部署先进上面级变轨段三轴姿态严重耦合以及主发动机开机引起的较大干扰力矩问题,研究了基于反馈线性化的姿态解耦算法。通过给出上面级多星部署任务中的坐标系和姿态角定义,建立了欧拉角描述的姿态动力学与运动学方程。分析了推力矢量与姿控发动机的控制方案,描述了该方案中主发动机、伺服机构和姿控发动机的配置结构,推导了推力矢量控制中的主发动机摆角计算公式和主发动机工作时质心偏移引起的干扰力矩。基于反馈线性化理论,设计了上面级姿态解耦控制律。算例验证结果表明姿态角速率误差和姿态角误差能够快速趋于1°/s和0.5°。文中设计的姿态解耦控制算法具有良好的稳定性和可行性。     

可重复使用空间站补给方案设想

提出了一种基于我国现有液体上面级的可重复使用太空补给方案,可用于空间站补给运送货物及废弃品转运清理。分析了空间站补给运送的任务模式及工作流程。在总结应用特点的基础上,提出了基于上面级的可重复使用空间站补给的发展路线。最后,对相关关键技术进行了初步分析。     

某型教练机机翼整体油箱上壁板腐蚀原因分析和防腐处理措施

介绍了某型教练机多架机翼整体油箱上壁板在特定位置先后发现的不同程度的腐蚀情况,通过分析当地使用环境和结构特点,找出了壁板发生腐蚀的原因,结合飞机在当地的实际使用环境编制了加速腐蚀试验谱,并设计模拟件进行了加速腐蚀试验验证,确定了防腐处理措施.     

新型高空探测系统

研发了一种新型全自动高空探测系统,其利用GPS定位,宽波瓣天线捕捉和低噪声接收的方法替代雷达或无线电经纬仪对高空探测仪进行跟踪定位和获取信息,具有不受低仰角的限制,目标不易丢失,性能价格比高等特点,成功将GPS应用于1680 MHz遥测数据传输体制.利用该系统进行了空中大气电场的探测实验,获得了满意的探测结果.由于系统轻便、操作简单、成本较低以及良好的机动性和可靠性,在近地空间环境探测和高空大气科学探测试验及常规的气象探测中有广阔的应用前景.     

Measurements of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during tropical cyclones using the GPS radio occultation technique

Water vapour transport to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by deep convective storms affects the radiation balance of the atmosphere and has been proposed as an important component of climate change. The aim of the work presented here is to understand if the GPS radio occultation technique is useful for characterization of this process. Our assessment addresses the question if severe storms leave a significant signature in radio occultation profiles in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Radio occultation data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) were analyzed, focusing on two particular tropical cyclones with completely different characteristics, the hurricane Bertha, which formed in the Atlantic Basin during July 2008 and reached a maximum intensity of Category 3, and the typhoon Hondo, which formed in the south Indian Ocean during 2008 reaching a maximum intensity of Category 4. The result is positive, suggesting that the bending angle of a GPS radio occultation signal contains interesting information on the atmosphere around the tropopause, but not any information regarding the water vapour. The maximum percentage anomaly of bending angle between 14 and 18 km of altitude during tropical cyclones is typically larger than the annual mean by 5–15% and it can reach 20% for extreme cases. The results are discussed in connection to the GPS radio occultation receiver which will be part of the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) payload on the International Space Station.