为中国开发太空探路创中国首飞太空记录 --纪念T-7系列探空火箭首次发射成功45周年

在中国第一个实用探空火箭系列--T-7系列探空火箭首次发射成功45周年之际,回顾了该系列火箭的研制由来和基本情况,论述了该系列火箭对中国开发中层大气和太空所起到的探路作用.     

数据融合的对流层天顶延迟估计方法

为提高对流层天顶延迟(Zenith tropospheric delay，ZTD)的估计性能，提出了基于数据融合的ZTD估计方法。估计干延迟采用Saastamoinen模型，估计湿延迟采用Askne模型，地表气象测量设备提供给两模型所需的气压、温度以及水汽压，Askne模型所需的加权温度、温度变化率和湿度变化率由全球气压和温度2w(Global pressure and temperature 2w，GPT2w)模型提供。当气象测量设备不可用时，上述所有气象参数均来自于GPT2w模型。利用国际GPS服务(International GPS service, IGS)提供的数据进行验证，结果表明：当地表测量设备存在时，所提方法较Saastamoinen模型提高了8mm；当全部气象参数来自GPT2w时，本方法较GPT2w+Saastamoinen模型提高了8.1mm；对于季节分明的测站，误差趋势同样具备季节性；对于海拔高和气候干燥的的测站，估计误差较小。     

20世纪的中国火箭探空

介绍了中国实用火箭探空系统的种类、实用探空火箭的性能参数和飞行情况、火箭探空取得的技术进步和存在的问题。     

航天器外表面导电面积对朗缪尔探针科学探测的影响

朗缪尔探针的科学探测会受到航天器外表面导电面积与朗缪尔探针传感器有效面积之比大小的影响。如果航天器的外表面导电面积不足够大,朗缪尔探针以扫描电压模式工作时,就会造成航天器地电位的扰动,进而导致朗缪尔探针测量结果的偏差。分析了此问题的物理原理,并进行了相应的理论计算。子午工程探空火箭有效载荷朗缪尔探针在进行科学探测的同时,测量了火箭外表面导电面积与朗缪尔探针传感器有效面积之比不足造成的扰动,测量结果与理论分析基本一致。     

An Integer Precise Point Positioning technique for sea surface observations using a GPS buoy

GPS data dedicated to sea surface observation are usually processed using differential techniques. Unfortunately, the precision of resulting kinematic positions is baseline-length dependent. So, high precision sea surface observations using differential GPS techniques are limited to coasts, lakes, and rivers. Recent improvements in GPS satellite products (orbits, clocks, and phase biases) make phase ambiguity fixing at the zero difference level achievable and opens up the observation of the sea surface without geographical constraints. This paper recalls the concept of the Integer Precise Point Positioning technique and discusses the precision of GPS buoy positioning. A sequential version of the GINS software has been implemented to achieve single epoch GPS positioning. We used 1 Hz data from a two week GPS campaign conducted in the Kerguelen Islands. A GPS buoy has been moored close to a radar gauge and 90 m away from a permanent GPS station. This infrastructure offers the opportunity to compare both kinematic Integer Precise Point Positioning and classical differential GPS positioning techniques to in situ radar gauge data. We found that Precise Point Positioning results are not significantly biased with respect to radar gauge data and that horizontal time series are consistent with differential processing at the sub-centimetre precision level. Nevertheless, standard deviations of height time series with respect to radar gauge data are typically [4–5] cm. The dominant driver for noise at this level is attributed to errors in tropospheric estimates which propagate into position solutions.     

Fronts and thermohaline structure of the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence System

Fronts and thermohaline structure of the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence System (BMCS) are studied from climatic data, “Marathon Exp. Leg.8, 1984” data, and Sea surface temperature (SST) data base “ds277-Reynolds” (1981–2000). The South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) is divided in two main types: tropical (TW) and subtropical water (ST). Water masses, Fronts, Inter-Frontal and Frontal Zones are analysed and classified: (a) the water masses: Tropical Low-Salinity Water, Tropical Surface Water, Tropical Tropospheric Water, Subtropical Low-Salinity Water, Subtropical Surface Water, Subtropical Tropospheric Water. T,S characteristics of intermediate, deep and bottom water defined by different authors are confirmed and completed; (b) the Inter-Frontal Zones: Tropical/Brazil Current Zone, Subtropical Zone and Subantarctic Zone; (c) the Frontal Zones: Subtropical, Subantarctic and Polar, and (d) the Fronts: Subtropical Front of the Brazil Current, Principal Subtropical Front, North Subtropical Front, Subtropical Surface Front, South Subtropical Front, Subantarctic Surface Front, Subantarctic Front and Polar Front. Several stable T–S relationships are found below the friction layer and at the Fronts. The maximum gradient of the oceanographic characteristics occurs at the Brazil Current Front, which can be any of the subtropical Fronts, depending on season. Minimum mean depth of the pycnocline coincides with the Fronts of the BMCS, indicating the paths of low-salinity shelf waters into the open ocean. In the work it is shown how to recover the horizontal and vertical thermohaline structure of waters from satellite data RSMAS SST.     

The topside sounder database – Data screening and systematic biases

The ionospheric topside sounder measurement database developed at the US National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) is a valuable source of information when investigating the composition and complex dynamics of the upper ionosphere. The database is increasingly used by many scientists around the world for both research and development of empirical models. However, there is always a danger of indiscriminately using the data without properly assessing the data quality and applicability for a given purpose. This paper is concerned with the issue of data screening and pre-processing of the Alouette/ISIS topside sounder database. An overview of the original database availability and formatting is given and the use of solar and geomagnetic indices is discussed. Data screening procedures, concerning detection and handling of erroneous profiles, are also presented. Special attention is drawn to the systematic biases observed in the database and the possibilities for their removal.     

中国航天固体火箭技术的发展

叙述了20世纪50年代以来中国航天固体火箭推进技术的发展历程，介绍了9种最具代表性的固体火箭发动机的技术特征、研制过程、地面试验和飞行情况，这些发动机分别应用于中国的探空火箭、运载火箭上面级和应用卫星变轨系统。文中还简要地评述了中国固体推进各单项技术的发展水平。     

Development of TY-3 Microgravity Rocket System

TY-3微重力火箭总长 6 0 0 0 mm,起飞质量 1 1 0 0 kg,有效载荷 5 0 kg,最大飞行高度 2 2 0 km,能提供 1 0 - 4 g约 36 0 s时间的微重力试验条件 ,该火箭已于 2 0 0 0年 1 0月飞行试验成功 ,而且一种更先进的微重力火箭系统正在设计中。