Cosmic ray anisotropies in the outer heliosphere

The observation of the directional distribution of energetic and cosmic ray particles has been done with the Voyager spacecraft over a long period. Since 2002, when the first flux enhancements of charged particles associated with the approach of Voyager 1 to the solar wind termination shock were observed, these anisotropy measurements have become of special interest. They play an important role to understand the magnetic field and shock structure and the basics of the modulation of cosmic ray and anomalous particles at and beyond the termination shock. They also serve as motivation to study the spatial behavior of galactic and anomalous cosmic ray anisotropies with numerical modulation models in order to illustrate how the radial anisotropy, at different energies, change from upstream to downstream of the termination shock. Observations made by Voyager 1 indicate that the termination shock is a complicated region than previously thought, hence the effects of the latitude dependence of the termination shock’s compression ratio and injection efficiency on the radial anisotropies of galactic and anomalous protons will be illustrated. We find that the magnitude and direction of the radial anisotropy strongly depends on the position in the heliosphere and the energy of particles. The effect of the TS on the radial anisotropy is to abruptly increase its value in the heliosheath especially in the A > 0 cycle for galactic protons and in both polarity cycles for anomalous protons. Furthermore, the global effect of the latitude dependence of the shock’s compression ratio is to increase the radial anisotropy for galactic protons throughout the heliosphere, while when combined with the latitude dependence of the injection efficiency this increase depends on modulation factors for anomalous protons and can even alter the direction of the radial anisotropy.     

Gamma rays from accreting matter onto collapsed objects

In the spherical accretion onto massive objects, the matter may be heated up to temperatures as high as 10¹² °K. In such a hot plasma, the thermal bremsstrahlung (e-e and e-p) and π° decay from inelastic collisions of protons are the main γ-ray sources. We determined the γ -ray production spectra from the π° decay and from bremsstrahlung for different temperatures. The expected γ-ray spectra were evaluated too in order to fit experimental data. We have fitted COS B data from 3C 273 using a two temperatures plasma model. The best fit is for

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(M₈ is the black hole mass in 10⁸ M) which gives . The hard X-ray measurements do not contradict the bremsstrahlung spectrum.     

Effect of pitch angle on initial stage of a transport airplane ditching

Airworthiness regulations require that the transport airplane should be proved to ensure the survivability of the ditching for the passengers. The planned ditching of a transport airplane on the calm water is numerically simulated. The effect of pitch angle on the impact characteristics is especially investigated by a subscaled model. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations of unsteady compressible flow are solved and the realizable j-e equations are employed to model the turbulence. The transformation of the air-water interface is tracked by volume of fluid (VOF) model. The motion of the rigid body is modeled by dynamic mesh method. The initial ditching stage of the transport airplane is analyzed in detail. The numerical results show that as the pitching angle increases, the maximal normal force decreases and the pitching motion becomes much gentler. The aft fuselage would be sucked down by the water and lead to pitching up, whereas the low horizontal tail prevents this trend. Consequently, the transport aircraft with low horizontal tail should ditch on the water at an angle between 10 and 12 as a recommendation.     

现场可修系统的可靠性数据处理

用随机点过程模型来处理航空产品现场可修系统的可靠性数据时，存在系统故障修复次数少，数据不齐全的问题。为此，对符合非时齐泊松过程模型的数据作为“修复如新”处理时，所所应满足的条件及适用范围作了分析，通过数字仿真对精度的计算，在工作应用中，当系统修复次数小于或等于３时，可将“修复如旧”的系统当作“修复如新”的模型处理，但要注意参数ｍ的影响；对残存比率法应用于可修系统数据处理时的可能性进行了讨论。仿真结     

Applying the mathematical theory of stochastic processes to lunar and planetary science: the ancient oceans on Mars case

The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that represents different aspects of some physical processes we can analyze using mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process according to the MTSP can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. The importance of MTSP is that each such interpretation can provide large amount of new information. While large body of work on the impact crater statistics according to MST has already been done, it is yet to be investigated as to how we can model a stochastic process according to MTSP; for example, bombardment of the planetary surface or something else in a Lunar and Planetary Science (LPS) domain. In order to show possible achievements, the possible existence of a Martian ocean was chosen as a query that could be addressed through computations using presumptions according to MTSP, including probability of existence as well as lateral and vertical extent and duration of time. While the presumptions for this particular case will also be addressed in certain degree, this will be done primarily to show complexities of some physical process that can be modeled, rather than to prove correctness of the concrete values computed here. While this in itself can be the objective in some future work toward the formal proof of the probability, extent, and timing of oceans on Mars, the basic idea here is to show the basic principles of MTSP, and its potential for addressing LPS-related phenomena. Here, I attempt to show how this approach can: (1) provide large amounts of previously unknown information about physical processes on the surface of the planet, (2) lead to a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the surface of the planet, and/or (3) help constrain the amount of resurfacing. Coupled with other current methodologies, MTSP can result in a better understanding of the history of Mars, as well as other lunar and planetary bodies.     

一种具有互锁功能的比例驱动电路的分析研究

介绍一种应用于双极型功率晶体管的比例驱动电路，它具有优良的驱动特性，能有效地减小功率开关管的开关损耗及存储时间，电路设置互锁功能防止桥臂上下两功率管的共同导通，保证逆变桥功率管可靠工作及减小驱动电路对输出波形的影响，尤其适用于ＳＰＷＭ桥式逆变器中，该电路已获得成功的应用，文中对该驱动电路及驱动变压器铁芯的磁化状态作了深入的分析和研究。     

飞机顶层需求捕获经验介绍

飞机顶层需求是飞机研制过程的关键环节。长期以来,对飞机研制中的需求捕获和分析工作一直用自然语言定性或定量地描述,主观因素较多。采用系统工程过程思维,对需求捕获经验进行了描述,通过过程控制来保证最终获得的飞机顶层需求文件的完整性、全面性、正确性和可实施性。     

双机编队的对地攻击效能分析

双机编队是空防体系对抗中一种主要的作战模式,其目的是为了更有效地打击敌战略目标.通过采用概率论中常用于效能评估的马尔柯夫随机过程理论,建立了双机编队条件下对敌对战略目标进行攻击的战场想定和数学模型,推导出任务成功率、目标被毁率和飞机损失率等作战效能指标的计算公式.最后,通过生存力扩展因子的引入,在比较双机独立和双机编队相关效能指标的基础上指出了双机编队的作战优势.      

Study of the seasonal ozone variations at European high latitudes

The geographic area at high latitudes beyond the polar circle is characterized with long darkness during the winter (polar night) and with a long summertime insolation (polar day). Consequentially, the polar vortex is formed and the surrounding strong polar jet is characterized by a strong potential vorticity gradient representing a horizontal transport barrier. The ozone dynamics of the lower and middle stratosphere is controlled both by chemical destruction processes and transport processes.