Application of shear-sensitive liquid crystal coating to visualization of transition and reattachment in compressor cascade

The present paper aims at introducing Shear-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Coating (SSLCC) technology into compressor cascade measurement for the first time and serves as a basis for better understanding of the influence from the boundary layers. Optical path layout, which is the most significant difficulty in internal flow field measurement, will be solved in this paper by self-designed image acquisition device. Massive experiments with different Mach number and incidence are conducted at a continuous subsonic cascade wind tunnel to capture the boundary layer phenomenon. Image processing methods, such as Three-Dimensional (3-D) reconstruction and Hue conversion, are used to improve the accuracy for transition position detection. The analysis of the color-images indicates that complex flow phenomena including transition, flow separation, and reattachment are captured successfully, and the effect of Mach number and incidence on the boundary layer flow is also discussed. The results show that: the Mach number has a significant effect on transition position; the incidence has little effect on transition position, but it has a great impact on the transition distance and leading-edge separation; influenced by the end-walls, the reattachment occurs in advance under positive angle of attack conditions.     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

倾转旋翼无人机过渡段纵向控制策略设计研究

针对倾转旋翼无人机过渡段纵向控制问题,基于工程化应用要求,以某型倾转旋翼无人机为研究对象,首先综述了国内倾转旋翼机的研究进展与发展趋势.其次分析了过渡段气动特性变化,根据过渡阶段的升力来源,将整个过渡过程划分为变距操纵段与气动操纵段,并根据各个阶段的前飞速度与短舱角的关系,确定倾转过渡方案.然后以操纵舵面分配方案为基础,设计了过渡过程各阶段纵向控制策略,并通过仿真验证了策略的鲁棒性,实现了对象无人机的全过程飞行.最后讨论了控制策略的优缺点,并展望了倾转旋翼无人机的发展前景及其在控制领域面临的挑战.     

Atomic structure of the doubly ionized titanium Ti III ion

In this work, the atomic structure of Ti III is calculated using two methods, the Thomas-Fermi–Dirac-Amaldi (TFDA) method using the AUTOSTRUCTURE (AS) atomic structure code and the pseudo-relativistic Hartree–Fock (HFR) method using the Cowan (CW) atomic structure code. We used the terms and levels generated by the 19 configurations: 3p⁶ 3d², 3dns (n = 4–7), 3dnp (n = 4–7), 3dnd (n = 4–7), 3d nf (n = 4–7), 3p⁶ 4s²,3p⁶ 4s4p. Our calculated values are compared with available experimental and theoretical results and new theoretical data of our own are obtained.     

Supervised learning with probability interpretation in airfoil transition judgment

Transition prediction has always been a frontier issue in the field of aerodynamics. A supervised learning model with probability interpretation for transition judgment based on experimental data was developed in this paper. It solved the shortcomings of the point detection method in the experiment, that which was often only one transition point could be obtained, and comparison of multi-point data was necessary. First, the Variable-Interval Time Average (VITA) method was used to transform the fluctuating pressure signal measured on the airfoil surface into a sequence of states which was described by Markov chain model. Second, a feature vector consisting of one-step transition matrix and its stationary distribution was extracted. Then, the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was used to pre-classify the feature vectors marked using the traditional Root Mean Square (RMS) criteria. Finally, a classification model with probability interpretation was established, and the cross-validation method was used for model validation. The research results show that the developed model is effective and reliable, and it has strong Reynolds number generalization ability. The developed model was theoretically analyzed in depth, and the effect of parameters on the model was studied in detail. Compared with the traditional RMS criterion, a reasonable transition zone can be obtained using the developed classification model. In addition, the developed model does not require comparison of multi-point data. The developed supervised learning model provides new ideas for the transition detection in flight experiments and other experiments.     

Accurately predicting hypersonic transitional flow on cone via a symmetry approach

A new algebraic transition model is proposed based on a Structural Ensemble Dynamics (SED) theory of wall turbulence, for accurately predicting the hypersonic flow heat transfer on cone. The model defines the eddy viscosity in terms of a two-dimensional multi-regime distribution of a Stress Length (SL) function, and hence is named as SED-SL. This paper presents clear evidence of precise predictions of transition onset location and peak heat flux of a wide range of hypersonic Transitional Boundary Layers (TrBL) around straight cone at zero incidence, to an unprecedented accuracy as validated by over 70 measurements for varying five crucial influential factors (Mach number, temperature ratio, cone half angle, nose Reynolds number and noise level). The results demonstrate the universality of the postulated multi-regime similarity structure, in characterizing not only the spatial non-uniform distribution of the eddy viscosity in hypersonic TrBL on cone, but also the dependence of the transition onset location on the five influential factors. The latter yields a novel correlation formula for transition center Reynolds number which takes similar functional form as the SL function within the symmetry approach. It is concluded that the SED-SL model simulates TrBL around cone with uniformly high accuracy, and then points out to an optimistic alternative way to construct hypersonic transition model.     

Physics-based model for boundary layer transition prediction in a wide speed range

A new physics-based model employing three transport equations is developed for the simulation of boundary layer transitions in a wide speed range. The laminar kinetic energy is used to represent pretransitional streamwise velocity fluctuations, taking account of different instability modes. The fluctuation velocity components normal to the streamwise direction are modeled by another transport equation. Transition is triggered automatically with the development of the pretransitional velocity fluctuations. In the fully turbulent region, the model reverts to the k-ω turbulence model. Different test cases, including subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic flows around flat plates, airfoils and straight cones, are numerically simulated to validate the performance of the model. The results demonstrate the excellent predictive capabilities of the model in different paths of transition. The model can serve as a basis for the extension of additional transition mechanisms, such as rotation and curvature effects, roughness-induced transition and crossflow-induced transition.     

A three-equation transition model with mechanical considerations

A three-equation transition model based on the transition V-model is proposed for subsonic flows in this study. Considering the mechanical approximation of the generation process of the pre-transitional vorticities, the value of laminar Reynolds shear stress related to the mean shear deformation was calculated in the original transition V-model. Then a new transition model, named V-SA model, was proposed, which considered the phenomenological process of transition and presented great results for flows with and without pressure gradient. It is well-known that the baseline Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model shows excellent performance of accuracy and robustness in plentiful flow cases, but it is important to predict boundary layer transition. The current model (V-SST) successfully couples the V-model to the SST turbulence model by introducing the effective turbulent viscosity and additional correction terms into the transport equations. A thorough evaluation of its ability to predict transition features is performed versus the well-documented flat plate of ERCOFTAC, including T3A and T3B without pressure gradient, T3L2 and T3L3 with semi-circular leading edge, the three-dimensional 6:1 prolate-spheroid under two angles of attack, and the NLR-7301 airfoil under different Mach numbers. Numerical results show that the current model has an attractive and superior performance in the simulation of boundary layer transition processes     

横列式双倾转旋翼机控制系统研究CSCD

针对横列式双倾转旋翼机平飞加速过渡过程中的标称速度轨迹跟踪问题,提出了通过升力占比划分过渡阶段,实现标称轨迹的工程化设计。基于经典PID理论,分别设计了各过渡阶段各通道控制律和控制参数,提出了总距余弦分配的操纵分配方法,并解决了过渡过程中严重的纵垂向耦合问题。仿真结果表明,该纵向控制策略在强干扰下仍可以实现对象飞行器的平稳过渡。