基于旋转双光楔的像方扫描大视场成像光学系统设计

针对无人机传统外挂式光电载荷吊舱窗口尺寸大、无法实现大视场扫描需求的现状，提出了一种基于旋转双光楔的像方扫描红外大视场成像光学系统设计。该系统在传统像方扫描光学镜组基础上引入了双光楔扫描器，以增大系统的扫描视场角，解决了高速无人机目前面临的红外窗口有限且成像视场角小的问题。采用光学设计软件进行了仿真，设计后的光学系统物方视场范围为±21.665°，满足了大视场范围的工作要求。设计结果表明，在工作波段（3.7μm ~4.8μm）范围内，该系统的成像质量高，中心视场调制传递函数在33(lp/mm)空间频率下可达0.45，全视场范围内的调制传递函数>0.42@33(lp/mm)，像点能量集中度较好，接近衍射极限。与传统扫描光学系统相比，采用基于旋转双光楔的新型像方扫描成像光学系统设计，在保证各项设计指标不变的前提下，能够将光学系统的径向尺寸减少20%以上，可满足未来无人机实现轻量化和小型化的应用需求，拥有良好的应用前景。     

最大货舱可用业载的机队调配方法研究

为了使航空公司在机队调配时,能同时兼顾运行成本和运力部署两个问题,以机队运行成本最小和机队货舱可用业载量最大为目标函数,结合航空公司日常运行实际情况和飞机性能方面的考虑,选取合适的约束条件,建立了机队调配多目标规划模型.通过实例,验证了模型的可行性和实用性,为航空公司机队调配工作提供了理论参考.     

美国系留气球载监视系统发展分析

梳理和分析了美国的四十多年来发展和气球载监视系统使用情况。根据其现在的发展情况,分析其发展趋势。认为未来系留气球载监视系统将在美国国土安全和国防安全中继续扮演着重要角色。     

巡航段高超声速飞行器的高阶指数时变滑模飞行控制器设计

针对高超声速飞行器的巡航控制存在的不确定气动参数问题,提出了一种具有全局鲁棒性的指数时变滑模控制方法。首先将纵向模型进行精确线性化,提出了一种新的指数时变滑模面,在此基础上设计了一种高阶时变滑模控制律。该控制律使系统相轨迹从初始时刻起始终处于滑动阶段,消除了常规时不变滑模控制的到达阶段,保证了控制过程中对系统参数不确定性的全局鲁棒性。最后,用李亚普诺夫理论证明了该控制律的稳定性。控制律参数采用遗传算法进行优化,优化的指标由系统响应误差的积分和参数违反约束时的惩罚项组成。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

中国首次火星探测任务有效载荷地面综合测试系统设计

介绍了中国首次火星探测任务有效载荷分系统的试验矩阵,以及地面综合测试系统的技术要求。面向2个探测器、5种场景的测试任务需求,设计由接口适配、业务处理、数据管理组成的3层统一架构,实现了不同场景下测试系统的功能和外部接口适配;根据星上科学数据处理与传输机制,设计地面科学数据处理流程,满足了13类载荷科学数据判读需求;针对单星1 900维工程遥测、400条数据注入指令的高维特性,设计基于规则的数据判读软件,实现了载荷遥测数据及数据注入指令的自动化判读。任务执行结果表明该系统满足不同试验模式下有效载荷测试任务的需求,有效保障了载荷测试任务的顺利实施。     

“嫦娥4号”任务有效载荷系统设计与实现

"嫦娥4号"任务将首次实现人类在月球背面软着陆。通过分析任务特点,以多类型有效载荷配置为背景,介绍了以科学目标和探测任务为核心的有效载荷系统设计思路和实现方法。同时针对首次在深空探测领域搭载国际合作有效载荷项目情况进行了说明。"嫦娥4号"任务最重要的科学目标是利用月球背面洁净的电磁环境进行天文低频射电观测,因此分别在着陆器和中继星上新增配置了国内新研制的低频射电频谱仪及荷兰研制的低频探测仪。科学探测的太阳爆发产生的低频电场信号极其微弱,如何消除着陆器和中继星上其他电子设备发射的近场噪声对远场探测信号的干扰就成了本次任务的最大难点。在相关研制单位的多方努力下,通过优化接收天线设计和地面数据处理算法等多种手段,实现了低频探测信号不低于30 d B的噪声抑制性能,具备了实现科学目标的能力。     

在轨释放、分离载荷动力学仿真研究

某些航天器需要在飞行过程中释放、分离载荷,由此涉及的动力学问题,关系到航天器平台与载荷的控制。文章主要对此类航天器的多体动力学问题进行研究,基于机械系统动力学仿真分析（ADAMS）软件平台建立了包括航天器平台、载荷和两类分离机构等在内的仿真模型,通过对三种在轨释放、分离载荷方案的分离过程动力学仿真结果对比分析以及参数化仿真分析,为载荷释放、分离方案设计提供参考。     

星上光学有效载荷的两级隔振研究

为实现星上光学有效载荷的高成像性能,对星上光学有效载荷的两级隔振进行了研究。所谓两级隔振,即除了对控制力矩陀螺群(CMGs)等执行机构振动源进行隔振外,还在光学有效载荷和星体之间加入隔振装置。首先建立了含有两级隔振系统以及CMGs和太阳帆板的整星动力学模型,并采用ADAMS工程软件验证了所推导模型的正确性;其次,在合理假设的基础上简化模型,分别求得由扰动源到星体和有效载荷的传递函数矩阵,分析CMGs隔振平台参数变化对姿态控制系统的影响,选择合理参数分析两级隔振系统的频域特性;最后通过数值仿真分析了两级隔振系统在星上应用的可行性,并通过频谱对比分析两级隔振系统对光学有效载荷姿态稳定度的改善程度。     

Recent advances in precision measurement & pointing control of spacecraft

There exists an increasing need for precision measurement & pointing control and extreme motion stability for current and future space systems, e.g., Ultra-Performance Spacecraft (UPS). Some notable technologies of realizing Ultra-Pointing (UP) ability have been developed particularly for Ultra-accuracy Ultra-stability Ultra-agility (3U) spacecraft over recent decades. Usually, Multilevel Compound Pointing Control Techniques (MCPCTs) are deployed in aerospace engineering, especially in astronomical observation satellites and Earth observation satellites. Modern controllers and/or algorithms, which are a key factor of MCPCTs for 3U spacecraft, especially the jitter phenomena that commonly exist in a UPS Pointing Control System (PCS), have also been effectively used in some UP spacecraft for a number of years. Micro-vibration suppression approaches, however, are often proposed to deal with low-level mechanical vibration or disturbance in the microgravity environment that is common for UPS. This latter approach potentially is one of the most practical UP techniques for 3U tasks. Some emerging advanced Disturbance-Free Payload (DFP) satellites that exploit the benefits of non-contact actuators have also been reported in the literature. This represents an interesting and highly promising approach for solving some challenging problems in the area. This paper serves as a state-of-the-art review of UP technologies and/or methods which have been developed, mainly over the last decade, specifically for or potentially could be used for 3U spacecraft pointing control. The problems discussed in this paper are of reference significance to UPS and millisecond optical sensors, which are involved in Gaofeng Project, deep space exploration, manned space flight, and gravitational wave detection.     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.