NASA在声振领域研究的新成果

近年来在航天工业中声振已产生了许多重要进展。本文介绍了在NASA格伦研究中心所完成的工程项目中在声振领域取得的一些成果。     

遥感卫星平台与载荷一体化构型

随着遥感卫星制造技术的不断提高,高精度、高敏捷性、低成本遥感卫星的需求日益强烈。平台与载荷一体化设计是未来高精度、高敏捷性、低成本遥感卫星发展的重要方向之一,平台与载荷一体化构型设计是平台与载荷一体化遥感卫星的关键。目前已有多颗平台与载荷一体化构型的遥感卫星在轨飞行,中国尚处于起步阶段。文章分析了平台与载荷一体化设计的遥感卫星构型;从提高图像定位精度、降低卫星质量、降低建造成本等方面,分析了平台与载荷一体化构型的优势;对载荷设计需具有整星级优化理念、载荷需提供多种接口、平台与载荷间具有强耦合关系等一体化构型的特点进行了总结;给出了一体化构型的建议,如整星形状设计、主承力结构设计、大型部件布局等。     

质量特性调整机构在航天器中的应用

质量特性调整机构具有成本低、体积小、重量轻、工作寿命长、可靠性高的优点,被用于在轨精确调整航天器的质量特性,从而确保航天器能够提供高精度的姿轨控以及部分有效载荷的正常工作。文章首先介绍了质量特性调整机构的设计原理和方案,以及在航天器中的应用情况和研究现状;其次对质量特性调整机构需要解决的关键技术进行了分析;最后对其在我国航天活动中的应用进行了展望。     

一种可补充和验证GNSS的低轨PNT系统设计

提出了一种以星上有效载荷的形式搭载在低轨综合卫星平台上的PNT服务系统,可作为GNSS系统的补充、备份和验证手段。本文总结了低轨卫星PNT服务的发展现状,提出了该低轨PNT服务系统的设计方案和总体架构,分析了系统的工作原理、服务性能以及对GNSS系统的可补充和验证性。最后给出了系统建设需要研究的几项关键技术,初步论证了该PNT系统的可行性和技术可实现性。     

新型控制系统稳定性分析方法研究与展望

介绍了两类新型控制系统稳定性定量测度:奇异摄动裕度和广义增益裕度。这两类稳定裕度是相位裕度和增益裕度在非线性时变系统中的推广,能在使用于非线性系统时反映出与系统多种非线性性质的具体关系,是适用于非线性时变系统稳定性量化的评估标准。将奇异摄动裕度应用于高超声速飞行器模型,估计了滚转角快变条件下控制环的允许滞后时间,并对相关开放性问题进行了展望。该裕度有潜力用于进一步揭示飞行器制导精度和姿态控制动态特性之间的关联机理,为总体设计、姿态控制和气动布局的协调提供参考依据。     

On the ability of sliding mode and LQR controllers optimized with PSO in attitude control of a flexible 4-DOF satellite with time-varying payload

Precise pointing of the satellite and its payload is essential in the accurate accomplishment of a space mission. In this study, the system of a satellite and its payload are considered as 4-DOF equations of motion. The time-varying payload can observe one direction of the Earth independently, and the satellite can point to the Earth station by its 3-DOF motions simultaneously. Sliding mode and LQR controllers are designed for damping disturbances, and consequently high pointing accuracy. Environmental disturbances and the associated time delay of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are applied to the system. An algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to find the optimum values of variables and Normalized Integral Square Error (NISE) of the two aforementioned controllers. Numerical simulations indicate the optimized magnitudes of target detection errors and control efforts in four directions. The results revealed that PSO-SMC can finely track the time-varying payload and has better efficiency in comparison with PSO-LQR.     

A 3D CFD simulation of oil spray-collection and delivery process in an aeroengine inter-shaft bearing

Under-race lubrication applied to the inter-shaft bearing of aeroengine is characterized by spray oil collection and oil delivery to the bearing via flow-path structure. Droplet splashing induced by the collision between spray oil and the scoop as well as oil flowing characteristics in the flow-path influence bearing lubrication efficiency. In previous investigations, the spray oil collection and oil delivery analysis were separated, and the effect of droplet splashing on bearing lubrication efficiency was not considered. Moreover, time-varying characteristics of oil delivered to the bearing were not accounted for. This is caused by time variations of the circumferential position of rollers and under-race feed holes. To overcome these limitations, a numerical model which integrates the spray oil collection and oil delivery analysis is proposed in this paper. The model is embedded with the function of calculating the flow rate of splashing droplets and analyzing time-varying characteristics of the oil fed to the bearing. Furthermore, the numerical model is validated by experimental investigation. The proposed numerical model facilitates the accurate calculation of bearing lubrication efficiency as well as the design of an efficient lubrication structure.     

Formation tracking control for time-delayed multi-agent systems with second-order dynamics

In this paper, formation tracking control problems for second-order multi-agent systems (MASs) with time-varying delays are studied, specifically those where the position and velocity of followers are designed to form a time-varying formation while tracking those of the leader. A neigh-boring relative state information based formation tracking protocol with an unknown gain matrix and time-varying delays is presented. The formation tracking problems are then transformed into asymptotically stable problems. Based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional approach, condi-tions sufficient for second-order MASs with time-varying delays to realize formation tracking are examined. An approach to obtain the unknown gain matrix is given and, since neighboring relative velocity information is difficult to measure in practical applications, a formation tracking protocol with time-varying delays using only neighboring relative position information is introduced. The proposed results can be used on target enclosing problems for MASs with second-order dynamics and time-varying delays. An application for target enclosing by multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is given to demonstrate the feasibility of theoretical results.     

星载合成孔径雷达的原理,组成和性能

对星载合成孔径雷达的工作原理及其特点、信号特征和分辩率，着重从物理要领上进行阐述。以加拿大Ｒａｄａｒｓａｔ为例，介绍了星载ＳＡＲ的组成原理，概述了各个子系统的功能，并生载合成孔径雷达的性能参数分成空间性能参数；辐射性能参数和技术性能参数三个方面进行了较详细的分析和介绍。     

连续地月转移系统动力学研究与能量分析

为了研究新型连续地月转移系统的动力学及能量需求,采用Lagrange方法,在系绳为刚性杆假设的前提下,同时忽略第三体引力、地球扁率和系绳轴向变形等扰动因素的影响,建立了驱动型动量交换绳系卫星(MMET)系统的三维刚性动力学模型。对所建立的动力学模型进行了数值仿真及对比分析,仿真结果验证了所建模型的正确性。研究表明,外力矩对系统轨道运动参数影响甚小,对姿态运动参数影响明显。采用MMET方式进行载荷转移,推导出了实现载荷地月轨道转移所需的入口速度条件以及时间周期条件,并求解出了载荷在2次任务之间的时间间隔。给定初始条件下,当MMET系统以0.231 6 rad/s的旋转角速度绕其质心旋转1 448.5圈,其绕地心刚好运行5圈时,载荷可顺利进入地月转移轨道。最后,对连续地月转移系统实现载荷的地月转移进行了能量对比分析,结果表明,相同条件下,MMET载荷转移方式相比于传统脉冲变轨方式在载荷转移过程中消耗更少的能量。