Cosmic ray modulation with a Fisk-type heliospheric magnetic field and a latitude-dependent solar wind speed

The effect of a latitude-dependent solar wind speed on a Fisk heliospheric magnetic field [Fisk, L. A. Motion of the footpoints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15547–15553, 1996] was first discussed by Schwadron and Schwadron and McComas [Schwadron, N.A. An explanation for strongly underwound magnetic field in co-rotating rarefaction regions and its relationship to footpoint motion on the the sun. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1–8, 2002. and Schwadron, N.A., McComas, D.J. Heliospheric “FALTS”: favored acceleration locations at the termination shock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 41–1, 2003]. Burger and Sello [Burger, R.A., Sello, P.C. The effect on cosmic ray modulation of a Parker field modified by a latitudinal-dependent solar wind speed. Adv. Space Res. 35, 643–646, 2005] found a significant effect for a simplified 2D version of a latitude-dependent Fisk-type field while Miyake and Yanagita [Miyake, S., Yanagita, S. The effect of a modified Parker field on the modulation of the galactic cosmic rays. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, 445–448, 2007] found a smaller effect. The current report improves on a previous attempt Hitge and Burger [Hitge, M., Burger, R.A. The effect of a latitude-dependent solar wind speed on cosmic-ray modulation in a Fisk-type heliospheric magnetic field. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, pp. 449–450, 2007] where the global change in the solar wind speed and not the local speed gradient was emphasized. The sheared Fisk field of Schwadron and McComas [Schwadron, N.A., McComas, D.J. Heliospheric “FALTS”: Favored acceleration locations at the termination shock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 41–1, 2003.) is similar to the current Schwadron–Parker hybrid field. Little difference is found between the effects of a Parker field and a Schwadron–Parker hybrid field on cosmic-ray modulation, in contrast to the results of Burger and Sello and Miyake and Yanagita [Burger, R.A., Sello, P.C. The effect on cosmic ray modulation of a Parker field modified by a latitudinal-dependent solar wind speed. Adv. Space Res. 35, 643–646, 2005 and Miyake, S., Yanagita, S. The effect of a modified Parker field on the modulation of the galactic cosmic rays. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, pp. 445–448, 2007]. The two-dimensional approximation used by these authors is therefore inadequate to model the complexities of the actual three-dimensional field. We also show that a Fisk-type field with a latitude-dependent solar wind speed (Schwadron–Parker hybrid field) decreases both the relative amplitude of recurrent cosmic ray intensity variations and latitude gradients and yields similar constants of proportionality for these quantities as for the constant solar wind speed case.     

Drag and energy accommodation coefficients during sunspot maximum

Conditions appropriate to gas-surface interactions on satellite surfaces in orbit have not been successfully duplicated in the laboratory. However, measurements by pressure gauges and mass spectrometers in orbit have revealed enough of the basic physical chemistry that realistic theoretical models of the gas-surface interaction can now be used to calculate physical drag coefficients. The dependence of these drag coefficients on conditions in space can be inferred by comparing the physical drag coefficient of a satellite with a drag coefficient fitted to its observed orbital decay. This study takes advantage of recent data on spheres and attitude stabilized satellites to compare physical drag coefficients with the histories of the orbital decay of several satellites during the recent sunspot maximum. The orbital decay was obtained by fitting, in a least squares sense, the semi-major axis decay inferred from the historical two-line elements acquired by the US Space Surveillance Network. All the principal orbital perturbations were included, namely geopotential harmonics up to the 16th degree and order, third body attraction of the Moon and the Sun, direct solar radiation pressure (with eclipses), and aerodynamic drag, using the Jacchia-Bowman 2006 (JB2006) model to describe the atmospheric density. After adjusting for density model bias, a comparison of the fitted drag coefficient with the physical drag coefficient has yielded values for the energy accommodation coefficient as well as for the physical drag coefficient as a function of altitude during solar maximum conditions. The results are consistent with the altitude and solar cycle variation of atomic oxygen, which is known to be adsorbed on satellite surfaces, affecting both the energy accommodation and angular distribution of the reemitted molecules.     

介质弹性对风洞液压控制系统影响的分析与测试

电液伺服系统广泛应用于风洞各种执行机构的控制中.随着风洞试验技术的发展,以及对机构小型化的要求,电液伺服系统的工作压力、控制精度不断提高.这种情况下,液体的弹性是不能忽略的.本文提出对液体体积弹性模量进行测试的两种工程方法,并进行了实际测量.对于风洞常用电液伺服系统,液体体积弹性模量在900~1000MPa.针对某风洞执行机构调试中发生的问题,利用油液弹性模量的测量结果进行了计算、分析,结果与现象吻合.     

横向喷流干扰/控制研究进展

横向喷流与飞行器的推进、机动、分离、防热和隐身等问题密切相关.笔者简要分析了横向喷流干扰流动的特点和研究重点,对国内外研究现状和进展进行了综述,分析了目前仍面临的主要技术困难和制约研究成果工程化的主要因素,并提出了发展和完善相关试验技术的建议.     

汽车理想气动形体数字化模型构建及气动性能试验

以最小气动升力和最小俯仰力矩作为力学约束条件构建了一条理想气动形体的设计特征上凸曲线——"升力面"在汽车纵对称平面上的投影线;以结构布置和乘坐舒适性作为几何约束条件,进而构建了一个具有较低气动阻力的理想形体.通过对该形体的风洞试验验证,其阻力系数为0.145,升力系数为0.0486,俯仰力矩系数为-0.0405.证明该方法具有一定的准确性,可用于汽车车身前期的气动优化.      

大型煤气柜风荷载的风洞试验及数值模拟

对某大型煤气柜进行了风洞测压试验及风压数值模拟。分析了试验模型表面风压分布及其脉动特性,并同数值计算结果、规范条文中类似断面结构的风压分布作对比。结果表明：风洞试验中由于结构表面分布的工字钢及表面粗糙度的处理,雷诺数效应对表面风压分布影响并不明显,但对表面绕流场分离区的风压值有一定影响。结构的均方根升力、阻力系数在频域表现为宽带谱;采用基于雷诺平均的RNGk-ε湍流模型能较准确地模拟表面平均风压分布,其计算结果同样可为结构抗风设计提供参考;在不同量级雷诺数下数值模拟得到的平均风压分布能反映出雷诺数效应的影响。     

扩散角对汽车风洞扩散段流动的影响

传统的汽车风洞设计一般参考现有风洞的设计经验和沿用工程估算方法。扩散段是汽车风洞的主要部件之一,它的设计经验和估算方法通常基于均匀来流。笔者采用v2f湍流模型研究两种非均匀来流工况下,不同扩散角对扩散段流动的影响。模型风洞扩散段出口速度分布的数值模拟结果与试验结果的一致性表明：使用v2f湍流模型能够真实反映扩散段流动特性。与均匀来流相比,非均匀来流大幅度增加扩散段总压损失因数,约增加420%。壁面摩擦损失和流动分离损失的相互作用使风洞扩散段在某一扩散角下存在最小总压损失因数,且扩散段进口速度不均匀度越大,最优扩散角越大。     

基于现场总线和智能变送器的风洞气流参数测量系统研制

准确测量来流雷诺数对于研究一些对雷诺数变化敏感的流动现象十分重要,为了得到较为准确雷诺数需要测量来流速度、温度和环境大气压等气流参数。本研究基于带Hart通信协议的智能变送器以及数字式振筒气压仪,在低速风洞中实现了一套简单实用的气流参数采集系统。其中,主机和差压、温度变送器之间通过Hart适配器相连接,并通过串口以Hart协议实现通信;而数字式振筒气压仪与计算机之间则直接通过串口实现通信。在系统开发过程中对Hart协议进行了解析和测试。在该系统气流参数采集的基础上,实现了来流雷诺数实时精确的计算,并对比了因温度和气压波动导致的雷诺数计算差异对旋成体大迎角雷诺数效应研究的影响,从而进一步说明了发展该系统的重要性。     

基于翼型剖面重心调节的风机叶片优化设计

涡轮风机叶片在工作时受到离心力和气动力两种力的影响,而对转速较高直径较大的叶片,其离心力的影响因子较大。基于离心力产生的附加弯矩与叶片空气动力产生的弯矩相反的原理,本文介绍了一种较高转速大直径的玻璃钢薄壁结构涡轮风机叶片的设计,在叶片设计时采用调整叶片剖面重心的方法来实现叶片结构优化,所设计的叶片具有高效率低能耗的特点,已经被应用于冷却塔中。     

Theories and methods for designing hypersonic high-enthalpy flow nozzles

Hypersonic high-enthalpy wind tunnels have been a challenge to ground tests in aerospace research area for decades and its test flow uniformity is one of the most important parameters for evaluating wind tunnel performances. Regarding to the performance requirement, theories and methods for designing hypersonic flow nozzles at high enthalpy conditions are quite difficult, but very interesting topics, especially when air molecule dissociations take place in wind tunnel test gas reservoirs. In thi...