Improvements in and actual performance of the Plant Experiment Unit onboard Kibo,the Japanese experiment module on the international space station

In 2004, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency developed the engineered model of the Plant Experiment Unit and the Cell Biology Experiment Facility. The Plant Experiment Unit was designed to be installed in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility and to support the seed-to-seed life cycle experiment of Arabidopsis plants in space in the project named Space Seed. Ground-based experiments to test the Plant Experiment Unit showed that the unit needed further improvement of a system to control the water content of a seedbed using an infrared moisture analyzer and that it was difficult to keep the relative humidity inside the Plant Experiment Unit between 70 and 80% because the Cell Biology Experiment Facility had neither a ventilation system nor a dehumidifying system. Therefore, excess moisture inside the Cell Biology Experiment Facility was removed with desiccant bags containing calcium chloride. Eight flight models of the Plant Experiment Unit in which dry Arabidopsis seeds were fixed to the seedbed with gum arabic were launched to the International Space Station in the space shuttle STS-128 (17A) on August 28, 2009. Plant Experiment Unit were installed in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility with desiccant boxes, and then the Space Seed experiment was started in the Japanese Experiment Module, named Kibo, which was part of the International Space Station, on September 10, 2009 by watering the seedbed and terminated 2 months later on November 11, 2009. On April 19, 2010, the Arabidopsis plants harvested in Kibo were retrieved and brought back to Earth by the space shuttle mission STS-131 (19A). The present paper describes the Space Seed experiment with particular reference to the development of the Plant Experiment Unit and its actual performance in Kibo onboard the International Space Station. Downlinked images from Kibo showed that the seeds had started germinating 3 days after the initial watering. The plants continued growing, producing rosette leaves, inflorescence stems, flowers, and fruits in the Plant Experiment Unit. In addition, the senescence of rosette leaves was found to be delayed in microgravity.     

Effects of lighting and air movement on temperatures in reproductive organs of plants in a closed plant growth facility

Temperature increases in plant reproductive organs such as anthers and stigmas could cause fertility impediments and thus produce sterile seeds under artificial lighting conditions without adequately controlled environments in closed plant growth facilities. There is a possibility such a situation could occur in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems under microgravity conditions in space because there will be little natural convective or thermal mixing. This study was conducted to determine the temperature of the plant reproductive organs as affected by illumination and air movement under normal gravitational forces on the earth and to make an estimation of the temperature increase in reproductive organs in closed plant growth facilities under microgravity in space. Thermal images of reproductive organs of rice and strawberry were captured using infrared thermography at air temperatures of 10–11 °C. Compared to the air temperature, temperatures of petals, stigmas and anthers of strawberry increased by 24, 22 and 14 °C, respectively, after 5 min of lighting at an irradiance of 160 W m⁻² from incandescent lamps. Temperatures of reproductive organs and leaves of strawberry were significantly higher than those of rice. The temperatures of petals, stigmas, anthers and leaves of strawberry decreased by 13, 12, 13 and 14 °C, respectively, when the air velocity was increased from 0.1 to 1.0 ms⁻¹. These results show that air movement is necessary to reduce the temperatures of plant reproductive organs in plant growth facilities.     

基于粒子群算法的石英挠性加速度计温度补偿方法研究

由于使用环境的需求,需要光纤惯组具有较宽的工作温度范围,一般在-40℃~60℃温度范围内有稳定且准确的输出。而实际情况下温度变化会使惯性器件输出产生温度漂移,制约惯组的输出精度。以工程实例为依托,以光纤惯组中低精度石英挠性加速度计作为研究对象,首先分析了石英加速度计的温度特性,然后设计了一种基于粒子群算法的石英加速度计温度补偿方法,并以温补后器件的零偏特性为依据,利用试验平台对温补效果进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,该温补方法能够有效补偿石英加速度计的温度漂移,补偿后的零偏稳定性较补偿前有数量级上的提升。     

导弹垂直发射系统排烟道燃气流的等离子体测温法研究

导弹垂直发射系统排烟道出口燃气流直接接触飞出发射箱的导弹。所以排烟道进出口温度分布，对系统设计十分重要。本文采用等离子体测温法，测得了温度分布。发现由于导弹发射位置的变化，排烟道内温度分布是很不均匀的。     

TIG焊热影响区温度场的有限元分析

本文采用有限元法，建立了ＴＩＧ（非熔化极氩气保护）焊接的三维瞬态温度场的计算模型，编制了相应的计算机程序，该程序考虑了材料热物理性能随温度的变化以及表面的散热情况，引入了热焓的概念，根据该程序得出的计算结果和实验测试结果吻合程度良好。     

辐射换热条件下空间薄壁圆管结构瞬态温度场、热变形有限元分析

对航天结构中常见的辐射换热条件下的空间薄壁圆管结构，构造了一种用于非线性瞬态温度计算的傅立叶－有限单元。圆管温度沿杆长用有限元离散，沿周向分布展成三角函数。圆管温度单元每个结点包含平均温度、余弦和正弦分布温度幅三个自由度，并且在每个时间步内实现了平均温度增量与沿截面温差增量的解耦。在结构热变形分析时圆管单元节点上既承受温度轴力，又承受截面温差导致的热弯矩。采用这种单元对非线性换热条件下的复杂空间结构进行离散可以较准确地反映结构的温度场与热变形。经与前人的解析解和三维有限元结果的验证，证明该单元是可靠的。对太阳能帆板梁与空间抛物面天线的热－结构分析说明这种新单元的应用价值。     

碳单元的结构特征和双基型推进剂的燃速温度系数(物理模型Ⅱ)

分析了碳单元的结构特征,推论出双基和改性双基推进剂的分解温度、表面温度不随压力和初温而改变,以及碳单元顶端温度相对稳定.依此讨论了燃速温度系数及其规律.     

Effect of temperature on corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution

The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) techniques. The surface characterization was observed and determined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), atomic force microscopy(AFM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). The results demonstrate that the anodic aluminum dissolution and the cathodic oxygen reduction were accelerated by the increased temperature. However, as temperature was over60 °C, the solubility and concentration of oxygen decreased, resulting in the inhibition of cathodic reaction. The cathodic reaction rate of 3003 aluminum alloy rose to the maximum at 60 °C. The Warburg impedance in Nyquist diagram diminished and then was replaced by a negative capacitance caused by the absorption of intermediate corrosion product on electrode. On the other hand,after potentiodynamic measurements, 3003 aluminum alloy suffered pitting corrosion. The dissolution of aluminum alloy around secondary phase particles expanded both horizontally and vertically.     

我国地区20—80km高空大气温度特征

利用Nimbus－7卫星1979－1981年的平流层和中间层大气温度探测（SAMS）数据，首次较全面地分析了我国上空20－80km高度大气温度的分布特征，并与COSPAR国际参考大气CIRA－1986进行了比较。结果指出，我国上空大气温度分布与COSPAR国际参考大气CIRA－1986的纬向平均温度分布存在一定差别，可供航空航天工作者参考。