Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

Comparison of observed hmF2 and IRI 2007 model with M(3000)F2 estimation of hmF2 at low solar activity for an equatorial station

This is to investigate ways of improving the Equatorial F2-layer peak heights estimated from M(3000)F2 ionosonde data measured using the Ionospheric Prediction Service (IPS-42) sounder at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Latitude +12.4°N, Longitude +1.5°W, Dip latitude +5.9°N) during a low solar activity year (1995). For this purpose, we have compared the observed h_mF2 (h_mF2_obs) deduced using an algorithm from scaled virtual heights of quiet day ionograms and the predicted h_mF2 values which is given by the IRI 2007 model (h_mF2_{IRI 2007}) with the ionosonde measured M(3000)F2 estimation of the h_mF2 values (h_mF2_est) respectively. The correlation coefficients R² for all the seasons were found to range from 0.259 to 0.692 for h_mF2_obs values, while it ranges from 0.551 to 0.875 for the h_mF2_{IRI 2007} values. During the nighttime, estimated h_mF2 (h_mF2_est) was found to be positively correlated with the h_mF2_obs values by the post-sunset peak representation which is also represented by the h_mF2_{IRI 2007} values. We also investigated the validity of the h_mF2_est values by finding the percentage deviations when compared with the h_mF2_obs and h_mF2_{IRI 2007}.     

神舟飞船出舱活动故障模式和对策的设计与实践

根据出舱活动任务及程序安排,以确保航天员安全和提高出舱活动任务可靠性为原则,提出了飞行事件时域、空域分析与出舱活动故障树分析（FTA）和失效模式与影响分析（FMEA）结果相结合的设计方法,完成了我国出舱活动飞行任务故障模式与对策。所设计的多种出舱活动故障模式与对策,覆盖了出舱活动飞行任务可能发生的各种情况,经出舱活动飞行试验验证,故障模式设计及对策设计合理,有力保证了神舟七号飞船出舱活动的圆满成功,具有工程实用价值。     

基于AMESim模型的实时化简

针对航空发动机主燃油液压机械系统搭建的高保真模型无法进行实时仿真的问题,提出用活性能量指数配合线性频域分析的方法,分析化简已有的液压机械系统模型。通过计算模型中各个子元件的能量活性指数并结合线性频域分析,判断出其中能量活性指数低且固有频率远高于控制系统关注频带的子模型,并对其删除或修改,实现对原有模型的化简,以满足实时仿真需求。利用航空发动机实时仿真平台试验仿真结果表明,修改后的模型在保证精度的前提下,不仅缩短了仿真的时间而且满足了实时仿真的要求。     

航天器地面实验的相似性分析方法

研究了航天器地面实验的相似性问题,给出了完全相似条件和近似相似度量方法.首先,应用量纲分析法推导了航天器地面实验的完全相似准则,并讨论了相似准则应用上的局限性;然后,在键合图理论的基础上,提出了一种系统状态变量的活性分析方法,并据此构建了实验模型近似相似程度的量化度量函数;最后,分别对轨道绝对运动与相对运动的模拟实验进行了相似性分析,给出了多种不同的非理想约束条件对实验相似性的影响,提出了有效的实验建议.仿真计算表明:所提出的方法可作为实验相似程度的量化判别依据,且快捷有效,对工程实验有重要参考价值.     

载人航天器出舱活动氧气分压控制研究

载人航天器出舱活动期间氧气分压控制是保证航天员安全和完成出舱任务的重要因素.文章通过对出舱过程中引起氧气分压变化的因素分析,进行了出舱活动低压情况下的氧气分压安全限的试验验证研究,建立了出舱活动氧气分压变化趋势仿真模型,并在此基础上确定了出舱活动阶段舱压和氧气分压的调控方案     

Study of the influence of solar variability on a regional (Indian) climate: 1901–2007

We use Indian temperature data of more than 100 years to study the influence of solar activity on climate. We study the Sun–climate relationship by averaging solar and climate data at various time scales; decadal, solar activity and solar magnetic cycles. We also consider the minimum and maximum values of sunspot number (SSN) during each solar cycle. This parameter SSN is correlated better with Indian temperature when these data are averaged over solar magnetic polarity epochs (SSN maximum to maximum). Our results indicate that the solar variability may still be contributing to ongoing climate change and suggest for more investigations.     

舱外航天服手套的工效问题

为提高舱外航天服手套的工效,分析了影响其工效的主要因素:手指皮肤温度低于15.6℃会使工效明显下降,压力总是对手套工效有显著的影响,形状结构使手套工效存在±50%的差别,好的材料能改善手套关节点的特性.提出解决手套工效的关键在于处理好手套的形状和结构.从舱外航天服手套的设计、制作和增加辅助装置等几个方面探讨了提高工效的方法.并从力量、疲劳、灵活性、触觉、活动范围和舒适性六个方面介绍了评价手套工效的方法.     

基于多台站观测的中国区域地磁指数

利用中国14个地磁台站和全球23个地磁台站的H分量分钟值数据,分析单台站小时幅度指数r_H的时空分布特征,在此基础上结合台站之间r_H指数的相似度度量(残差指数Ra),采用K均值聚类算法将中国14个地磁台站划分为7个区域,根据加权法计算各区域的区域指数Rr.结果表明,r_H指数具有27天太阳自转周变化,季节变化不显著,但仍存在春秋季大而冬夏季小的特征;在空间变化上,r_H随纬度的增高而增大,并且在磁暴期间r_H指数的幅值和形态均表现出明显的经度差异,随地方时呈现晨-昏不对称现象;与Dst指数、SYM-H指数、Kp指数及各区域内台站的H分量观测数据对比分析发现,区域指数Rr能有效反映区域地磁扰动.