直升机的气动弹性问题

直升机的气动弹性问题与固定翼飞机不同,不仅要考虑单片桨叶,更要将旋翼视为一个整体,考虑其动态入流、尾迹影响以及旋翼与机身之间的相互耦合等。就单片桨叶而言,在结构动力学上,需要考虑离心力场、几何非线性以及桨叶的非线性挥舞-摆振-扭转耦合;在气动力上,需要考虑动态入流以及桨尖处可能的失速效应,本质上属于非线性气动弹性力学范畴。由于旋翼气动力通常是以周期形式通过旋翼轴传给机身,并引起机身振动,而机身运动又通过改变桨叶根部形态反过来影响旋翼的气动弹性特性,这种旋翼/机身耦合问题,也是近年来直升机气动弹性问题研究中的重要方向和热点之一。此外,随着旋翼流场数值分析方法的日趋成熟,采用动态重叠网格或滑移网格方法来实现桨叶运动,并通过动网格技术来实现桨叶的弹性变形,从而实现弹性旋翼流场的数值模拟,目前正呈现出勃勃生机,成为直升机气动弹性研究的又一重要方向和热点。随着各种新构型直升机的相继出现,如倾转旋翼机、前行桨叶概念旋翼(ABC)直升机和复合式直升机等,也带来了新的气动弹性问题。不断发现问题、解决问题,推动本学科持续发展,永远是气动弹性工作者终身奋斗的目标。     

柔性扑翼气动结构耦合特性数值研究

微型扑翼体积小、重量轻,其柔性变形对气动特性有显著的影响。通过求解雷诺平均N-S方程(ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes,RANS)和结构动力学方程,对微型柔性扑翼飞行器的气动结构耦合特性进行了数值模拟研究。针对微型扑翼的大幅运动,发展了适用于扑翼的气动结构耦合数值计算方法,研究了微型扑翼的气动结构耦合特性。通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程得到微型扑翼的非定常气动特性;利用哈密顿原理(Hamilton Principle)推导了扑翼的结构动力学方程,采用结构有限元方法对该动力学方程进行离散并求解,得到扑翼的动态结构特性;采用松耦合方法进行迭代。计算结果与风洞实验结果相比吻合良好,验证了所发展方法的有效性。在此基础上研究了惯性力和关键运动参数对柔性扑翼气动及结构特性的影响规律,有助于比较详细、全面地了解微型扑翼的气动机理,为柔性扑翼的设计提供了参考依据。     

An equivalent ground thermal test method for single-phase fluid loop space radiator

Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the employment of pumped fluid loops’ thermal control technology on spacecraft, conduction and convection become the main heat transfer behavior between radiator and inside cabin. As long as the heat transfer behavior between radiator and outer space can be equivalently simulated in normal pressure, the thermal vacuum test can be substituted by the normal ground pressure thermal test. In this paper, an equivalent normal pressure thermal test method for the spacecraft single-phase fluid loop radiator is proposed. The heat radiation between radiator and outer space has been equivalently simulated by combination of a group of refrigerators and thermal electrical cooler(TEC) array. By adjusting the heat rejection of each device, the relationship between heat flux and surface temperature of the radiator can be maintained. To verify this method,a validating system has been built up and the experiments have been carried out. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent ground thermal test method can simulate the heat rejection performance of radiator correctly and the temperature error between in-orbit theory value and experiment result of the radiator is less than 0.5 C, except for the equipment startup period. This provides a potential method for the thermal test of space systems especially for extra-large spacecraft which employs single-phase fluid loop radiator as thermal control approach.     

超声速隐身歼轰机概念设计数值模拟

为了提高军用飞机的空战和对面攻击能力,对歼轰机进行总体设计。采用CATIA软件,设计出隐身歼轰机的三维数字样机和武器挂载方案;基于物理光学法和等效电磁流法,采用自编的RCSAnsys软件,数值模拟歼轰机的数字样机在X、S和UHF波段下的RCS特性和强度分布特性;基于湍流模型的k-ε方程和控制理论的N-S方程,采用Fluent软件,数值模拟歼轰机的数字样机所在空气流场的压强和速度分布云图,得出整机的升阻特性。概念设计数值模拟结果表明：内置弹舱的歼轰机前向±30°的RCS均值≤-4.728 dBsm,超声速飞行时歼轰机的升阻比约等于5.6337。     

悬停状态倾转旋翼/机翼干扰流场及气动力的CFD计算

基于一套高效通用的多层运动嵌套网格技术,建立了适合悬停状态倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰特性分析的高效混合计算流体力学（CFD）方法。在倾转旋翼/机翼贴体网格区采用可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程作为主控方程,过渡/背景网格区选用Euler方程,湍流模型选用Spalart-Allmaras模型。时间推进上采用双时间推进格式进行非定常求解,并在方法中运用了SPMD（Single Program Multiple Data）模式的并行加速技术。在此基础上,首先分别采用UH-60A直升机旋翼及XV-15倾转旋翼机旋翼作为数值算例,验证了CFD方法的有效性。然后着重对倾转旋翼/机翼的非定常干扰流场及气动力分布特征进行了数值研究,模拟得到与实际情况相符的“喷泉效应”干扰现象。计算结果表明,干扰作用使得倾转旋翼相对于孤立旋翼拉力数值减小了3%,但总的拉力系数损失达到了17%,证明悬停状态下气动干扰对飞行器气动性能有重要影响。     

基于Matlab/FlightGear的导弹飞行姿态与 轨迹可视化系统

在导弹6自由度运动学方程组的基础上构建了6自由度矩阵式运动学方程组,使用Matlab/Simulink编程工具构建了导弹的非线性6自由度矩阵式Simulink模型.利用AC3D软件建立导弹的三维物理模型,在对指定部位设置了对象名称后,将其导入至FlightGear中.最后,通过数据接口将Simulink中的仿真数据传输至FlightGear,从而控制导弹的飞行姿态与轨迹,并在FlightGear中实时显示.该可视化仿真可以多视角全方位直观地显示导弹的飞行姿态与轨迹,为导弹的可视化研究提供了便利的方法.     

弧翼飞行器柔性飞行动力学研究

以一种弧翼布局飞行器为背景,介绍了飞行器的特性;建立了线性分布式气动力模型,添加到全机的三维有限元柔性模型上,进行飞行动力学的仿真分析。研究了分布式气动力模型对弧翼布局飞行器的柔性飞行动力学特性造成的影响。通过对不同响应情况下的飞行状态的仿真计算与分析,总结出了采用分布式气动力建模的大展弦比弧翼飞行器的柔性飞行动力学的变化规律。     

Identification method for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom

A comprehensive method based on system identification theory for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom is developed. A fully parameterized rotor flapping equation for identification purpose is derived without using any theoretical model, so the confidence of the identified model is increased, and then the 6 degrees of freedom rigid body model is extended to 9 degrees of freedom high-order model. Bode sensitivity function is derived to increase the accuracy of frequency spectra calculation which influences the accuracy of model parameter identification. Then a frequency domain identification algorithm is established. Acceleration technique is developed furthermore to increase calculation efficiency, and the total identification time is reduced by more than 50% using this technique. A comprehensive two-step method is established for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification which increases the numerical stability of model identification compared with single step algorithm. Application of the developed method to identify the flight dynamics model of BO 105 helicopter based on flight test data is implemented. A comparative study between the high-order model and rigid body model is performed at last. The results show that the developed method can be used for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification with high accuracy as well as efficiency, and the advantage of identified high-order model is very obvious compared with low-order model.     

倾转旋翼机短舱倾转机构动力学仿真分析

研究倾转旋翼机短舱倾转机构在短舱从固定翼模式运动到直升机模式过程中的动力学特性具有重要的意义.在短舱倾转机构传力分析及运动学分析的基础上,应用LMS Motion建立了短舱倾转机构多体动力学仿真模型,定义短舱倾转机构的各构件及其属性,创建各构件之间的运动副,定义运动机构驱动,创建外力和力矩以模拟真实的工况,得到并分析短舱和丝杠的主要运动参数曲线以及机构主交点的受力变化情况.结果表明:丝杠与短舱连接点处作用力随短舱的仰角增大先减小再增大,短舱与机翼支点处作用力随着短舱的仰角增大而逐渐增大.研究结果可为倾转旋翼机短舱倾转机构的参数确定提供参考.     

某中空长航时无人机机载浮标分离安全性研究

研究机载浮标投放过程中气动干扰特性及浮标运动规律,对机载浮标安全投放方案的设计具有重要意义。采用计算流体力学方法对机载浮标投放过程进行数值模拟。通过动态嵌套网格技术模拟浮标运动,结合刚体六自由度运动方程求解三维非定常 N-S ( Navier-Stokes )方程,模拟基于察/打一体无人机平台的浮标自由投放过程,获得详细的包括浮标运动姿态、运动轨迹和受力情况等在内的数据信息;通过算例,验证本文数值模拟程序的准确性。结果表明:浮标投放过程中,轻质浮标口盖自由分离会对螺旋桨后推式无人机的安全性造成重大影响;考虑浮标口盖固连在浮标降落伞上的状态下,初速度为 0m / s 时投放浮标整体(包含浮标、降落伞、口盖)离螺旋桨最近距离为 0.151m ,安全余量不够;初速度为 1.8m / s 时投放浮标整体离螺旋桨最近距离为 0.671m ,满足投放安全性要求。