空间站空间因特网与空间通信链路设计

为改善在空间站长期值守的航天员的业务生活,提出建立空间站网吧,为航天员提供因特网服务的构想。为此分析研究空间站空间因特网服务系统及其关键技术,提出空间站空间因特网服务系统构建方案。结合这一系统构建方案,一是研究解决了支持复杂异构网络运行的空间因特网网络协议设计技术,空间站空间因特网直接采用TCP/IP协议,并通过系统设计,较好地克服了TCP/IP协议不能适应空间通信链路的难题,支持采用基于TCP/IP协议的商用货架(COTS)软、硬件产品,可明显降低空间站空间因特网服务系统建设与维护成本;二是研究解决了涉及空间站测控通信网运行安全和空间信息安全的空间通信链路设计技术,空间站在同一条空间通信链路同时传输空间因特网数据和空间站测控通信数据,空间通信链路采用CCSDS的AOS协议,并通过建立虚拟的物理信道,解决了空间因特网数据和空间站测控通信数据的安全隔离问题,能满足空间站测控通信网运行安全和空间信息安全的要求。     

基于黑盒测试环境的交会对接软件时序分析技术及应用

航天器空间交会对接难度大,GNC软件对任务的完成起到重要作用.由于交会对接控制软件功能复杂,时序要求严格,这对软件测试提出了很高的要求.基于黑盒测试环境,利用FPGA设计方法和时序分析技术,实现了对交会对接软件重要数据运行时序的捕获和对上下行信号相位关系的跟踪,完善了故障触发和上行注入手段.该测试环境在交会对接软件研制过程中起到重要作用.     

InSAR成像匹配制导技术

为了解决飞行器远程全天候高精度自主导航的问题,提出一种InSAR成像匹配制导技术,利用InSAR生成的高程数据与基准高程图进行精确匹配,并通过构象模型反演出飞行器的空间位置。分析对比了多种精确地形匹配方法,采用基于F.Leberl数学模型的空间定位方法并分析了误差影响。仿真结果表明,该方法可以实现飞行器高精度自主导航定位,大大提高飞行器的适应性和抗干扰能力。     

地外二氧化碳转化利用技术研究现状与展望

为有效解决未来长期载人地外生存面临的物资供给等关键问题,获得更高的氧回收率、能量转化效率和更低的应用成本,亟须发展更高效的地外二氧化碳转化利用技术。文章总结了地外二氧化碳利用的发展现状并分析了近期的研究进展,发现不同技术之间差异大,在航天应用过程中,需充分考虑地外环境限制因素,以选用更合适的技术。空间站上已搭载的Sabatier装置和火星车上的MOXIE装置初步实现了地外二氧化碳还原。以“地外人工光合成”为代表的常温二氧化碳转化技术可为地外环控生保提供新路线。其不仅能够实现地外氧气供给,还可获得甲酸、乙烯和甲烷等有机分子作为燃料或生物转化原料。随着相关基础研究的不断发展,有望实现二氧化碳的高效转化和高附加值有机物、甚至碳糖食物的生产。地外二氧化碳转化利用技术的发展,将实现地外密闭环境下的废弃资源利用与物质循环,降低载人空间站、载人深空飞船的物资供应需求,也将为原位资源利用火星大气中的二氧化碳提供创新思路,以支撑未来可承受、可持续的地外生存任务。     

空间非合作目标未知构型重建质量评估方法

针对基于线阵激光雷达扫描重建获得的三维模型,因其构型未知,无法通过模型对比进行质量评估,本文着重研究未知构型的质量评估方法。首先,采用3σ优化的最小二乘法对空间非合作目标点云平面与直线进行拟合;其次,从点云密度、重建几何性质、表面完整度进行重建质量评估,再基于上述三种评估方法建立多因素综合评估数学模型,对三维重建结果进行满意度质量评估;最后通过仿真实验验证评估方法,获得多因素综合评估满意度为95.5889%,实验结果表明该评估方法合理且具有参考价值。该研究不仅能验证基于线阵激光雷达三维重建结果的精度,还为空间非合作目标未知构型质量评估提供一种新的研究思路。     

C/SiC材料在模拟空天往返条件下的可重复使用性能评估

针对飞行器空天往返、多次使用的发展需求,以2D C/SiC材料为对象,选择开放大气模拟环境、800 ℃温度条件开展了常/高温拉伸试验、以及常温→高温→降温循环变化历程下拉-拉疲劳的耦合试验,得到不同的力学性能规律,分析了影响材料表面涂层完整性的控制因素及转化点。表明C/SiC材料具有优良的高温静态持续强度性能,但在常-高温循环变化历程下的疲劳性能明显衰减。采用剩余刚度衰减模型,提出了力-热-氧耦合时考虑常-高温循环历程影响因素、以及氧化尺寸效应影响的疲劳剩余性能评估方法。     

环境严酷性指数腐蚀当量方法及其应用研究

 建立统一的腐蚀损伤环境变量——环境严酷性指数（ESI）,并研究其在飞机结构耐久性设计中的应用。在材料/结构腐蚀与单一环境类型/要素/强度关系基础上,按照《由电化学测量值计算腐蚀率和相关量的标准方法》(ASTM G102 89),引入并给出相应的ESI,并在一定工程假设下,给出在综合环境(由不同环境类型/要素/强度组成)作用下的ESI。同时,在腐蚀损伤等效原则下,用标准的环境类型/要素/强度及其作用时间当量化地表征综合环境及相应的作用时间(即环境谱),为环境加速试验环境当量提供依据并形成环境当量谱以应用于飞机结构耐久性设计中的腐蚀防护与控制(EEF),评估结构的检查周期/日历寿命。根据相关试验结果计算了典型金属材料在不同环境中的环境严酷性指数及环境当量化系数(EEF), 给出了环境简化或折算的算例。     

锥柱形药柱环形槽内传热现象的数值研究

采用标准k-ε湍流模型和离散传递热辐射模型对不同来流雷诺数下锥柱形药柱前向环形槽内的流场与传热进行了数值研究。对槽内各表面与热气流之间的换热量进行了比较,并对努塞尔数沿环形槽各表面的变化进行了分析。结果表明来流雷诺数的大小影响环形槽内的旋涡数和旋涡区域的分布,进而影响槽内温度的分布,最终影响槽内装药表面与点火热气流之间的换热量。整个计算结果可为装药设计和分析推进剂的热解燃烧提供参考。     

Lower ionosphere response to external forcing: A brief review

There are two ways of external forcing of the lower ionosphere, the region below an altitude of about 100 km: (1) From above, which is directly or indirectly of solar origin. (2) From below, which is directly or indirectly of atmospheric origin. The external forcing of solar origin consists of two general factors – solar ionizing radiation variability and space weather. The solar ionization variability consist mainly from the 11-year solar cycle, the 27-day solar rotation and solar flares, strong flares being very important phenomenon in the daytime lower ionosphere due to the enormous increase of the solar X-ray flux resulting in temporal terminating of MF and partly LF and HF radio wave propagation due to heavy absorption of radio waves. Monitoring of the sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs – effects of solar flares in the lower ionosphere) served in the past as an important tool of monitoring the solar activity and its impacts on the ionosphere. Space weather effects on the lower ionosphere consist of many different but often inter-related phenomena, which govern the lower ionosphere variability at high latitudes, particularly at night. The most important space weather phenomenon for the lower ionosphere is strong geomagnetic storms, which affect substantially both the high- and mid-latitude lower ionosphere. As for forcing from below, it is caused mainly by waves in the neutral atmosphere, i.e. planetary, tidal, gravity and infrasonic waves. The most important and most studied waves are planetary and gravity waves. Another channel of the troposphere coupling to the lower ionosphere is through lightning-related processes leading to sprites, blue jets etc. and their ionospheric counterparts. These phenomena occur on very short time scales. The external forcing of the lower ionosphere has observationally been studied using predominantly ground-based methods exploiting in various ways the radio wave propagation, and by sporadic rocket soundings. All the above phenomena are briefly mentioned and some of them are treated in more detail.     

Asymmetric precipitation in a coronal loop as explanation of a singular observed spectrum

Almost 10 years of solar submillimeter observations have shown new aspects of solar activity, such as the presence of rapid solar spikes associated with the launch of coronal mass ejections and an increasing submillimeter spectral component in flares. We analyse the singular microwave–submillimeter spectrum of an M class solar flare on 20 December, 2002. Flux density observations measured by Sun patrol telescopes and the Solar Submillimeter Telescope are used to build the radio spectrum, which is fitted using Ramaty’s code. At submillimeter frequencies the spectrum shows a component different from the microwave classical burst. The fitting is achieved proposing two homogeneous sources of emission. This theoretical fitting is in agreement with differential precipitation through a magnetically asymmetric loop or set of loops. From a coronal magnetic field model we infer an asymmetric magnetic structure at the flare location. The model proposed to quantify the differential precipitation rates due to the asymmetry results in a total precipitation ratio Q₂/Q₁≈10⁴–10⁵, where Q₁(Q₂) represents the total precipitation in the loop foot with the high (low) magnetic field intensity. This ratio agrees with the electron total number ratio of the two sources proposed to fit the radio spectrum.