载荷多次作用下的共因失效系统可靠性模型

研究了随机载荷作用次数对系统可靠性的影响,指出传统的可靠性模型并不能很好地反映载荷作用次数对系统可靠性的影响,运用载荷-强度干涉模型和顺序统计量理论建立了随机载荷多次作用下的共因失效系统可靠性模型.考虑系统中零件的失效相关性,在不作失效独立假设的前提下,运用系统级载荷-强度干涉模型建立了共因失效系统可靠性模型.根据随机载荷作用的统计学意义,运用顺序统计量理论建立了载荷多次作用时等效载荷的累积分布函数和概率密度函数,在此基础上,建立了随机载荷多次作用下的共因失效串联系统、并联系统以及k/n系统可靠性模型.     

A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars

Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation, heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO₂, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H₂, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO₂, N₂ and H₂O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount of ∼250 bar of O⁺ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×10²⁴ g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and compare our findings with the results of preceding studies.     

The Genesis Solar Wind Concentrator Target: Mass Fractionation Characterised by Neon Isotopes

The concentrator on Genesis provided samples of increased fluences of solar wind ions for precise determination of the oxygen isotopic composition. The concentration process caused mass fractionation as a function of the radial target position. This fractionation was measured using Ne released by UV laser ablation and compared with modelled Ne data, obtained from ion-trajectory simulations. Measured data show that the concentrator performed as expected and indicate a radially symmetric concentration process. Measured concentration factors are up to ∼30 at the target centre. The total range of isotopic fractionation along the target radius is 3.8%/amu, with monotonically decreasing ²⁰Ne/²²Ne towards the centre, which differs from model predictions. We discuss potential reasons and propose future attempts to overcome these disagreements.     

1 种自适应循环发动机亚声速巡航节流性能研究

推进系统亚声速巡航的燃油经济性是决定战斗机作战半径的主要指标。在巡航过程中会因减少发动机推力带来进气道溢流量增加,使推进系统燃油经济性降低。自适应循环发动机如何利用自身变循环特征减小进气道溢流进而提高推进系统燃油经济性是解决这一问题的关键。研究了1种在亚声速巡航状态带可变风扇系统的自适应循环发动机,利用自身变循环特征,实现等流量降低推力的方法。通过对可变几何机构组合调节的研究,获取了等流量节流方案,并分析了发动机在这一过程中的性能和匹配情况。结果表明:这种带可变风扇系统的自适应循环发动机能够在一定推力范围内实现等流量节流,减少进气道溢流量,提升推进系统在亚声速巡航状态的燃油经济性。     

基于任务的微机电惯性系统规模化测试技术研究

针对传统惯性测试技术测试周期长、测试效率低、测试成本高等问题,提出了基于任务的微机电惯性系统规模化测试解决方案。研究分析了微机电惯性系统测试技术的研究现状和发展趋势,建立了基于任务的微机电惯性系统测试体系,详细论证了微机电惯性系统批量、并行、自动化测试解决方案的可行性,为微机电惯性系统规模化测试实践奠定了基础。     

深冷组合循环发动机吸气模态循环分析与设计可行域研究

为了研究类似SABRE3结构的深冷组合循环发动机,建立了基于部件法的发动机设计点热力学计算模型,提出了发动机氦循环新的循环效率和循环特征参数的定义。考虑发动机参数的物理限制条件及不同工质循环之间的相互影响,求解得到了空气路、氦气路重要参数的设计可行域。在可行域内开展了空气路和氦气路的循环分析,获到了冷却当量比、性能参数等主要参数的分布结果。结果表明:此发动机空气热功转换比ηt2为0.02～0.746。氦循环设计可行域受ηt2及换热器热负荷限制;循环起始温度和热负荷限制确定的情况下,ηt2越低氦循环可行域越窄。降低发动机冷却当量比的关键是:提高换热器1的氦出口温度以降低氦流量;当换热器1和换热器2的氦出口温度同时取得最大值时,冷却当量比取得最小值。换热器1和2的氦出口温度分别取1200K和1300K时,空气路可行域内冷却当量比为0.917～2.64。     

三维并联式TBCC发动机排气系统设计与实验

为实现三维并联式TBCC排气系统的设计,利用基于二维最大推力理论的密切法设计了圆转矩变截面非对称冲压发动机喷管,并在冲压发动机喷管上壁面为三维曲面的条件下,利用转动加滑动共用面的调节方式实现了涡喷发动机喷管的内型面设计及其喉道面积的调节,从而完成了排气系统设计。随后对设计结果进行了冷流实验验证。结果表明,这种排气系统设计方法具有可行性。在冲压单独工作状态,壁面压力分布的数值计算与实验结果吻合较好,相对方均根偏差低于10.8%;在涡喷单独工作状态及共同工作状态,上壁面压力在激波附面层干扰区域内偏差较大,最大相对偏差可达30.6%。但壁面压力分布的数值计算与实验结果的整体变化趋势一致。      

射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验

介质阻挡放电(DBD)均匀稳定、易于敷设,是机翼/翼型等离子体流动控制(PFC)中最常用的激励方式。射频介质阻挡放电激励频率高、放电功率大,且能在流场中产生明显的加热,应用潜力大。采用射频电源驱动DBD激励器产生等离子体,分析放电的体积力、热特性和诱导流场特性,开展了射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验,研究了占空比、调制频率、载波频率和电源功率等参数对流动控制效果的影响规律。结果表明:射频等离子体激励的体积力效应随激励电压的增大而增加;射频等离子体激励产生的热量在诱导的流场中进行传导,加速流场;当来流速度为20m/s,Re=3.36×10~5时,在翼型前缘施加激励,使翼型临界失速迎角推迟1°,最大升力系数增大6.43%,且在过失速迎角下仍具有流动控制效果,使升力下降变缓;调制频率越大,控制效果越好;存在最佳占空比、载波频率和功率,占空比对流场控制效果的影响最显著,最佳占空比、载波频率和功率分别为20%,460kHz和50W。射频等离子体激励以体积力效应、热效应和诱导壁面射流改善失速流场,使得NACA0015翼型气动性能极大改善,流动分离得到有效控制。     

FGH96涡轮盘低循环疲劳寿命分析技术与试验

分析FGH96涡轮盘的尺寸效应,分析了分别适合于FGH96亚尺寸盘和全尺寸盘的低循环疲劳寿命预测方法.成功设计了FGH96亚尺寸盘、全尺寸裂纹扩展盘试验件;通过低循环疲劳试验,展现了两种不同的低循环疲劳失效机理,验证了提出的低循环疲劳寿命预测方法;通过裂纹扩展试验,获得了FGH96全尺寸轮盘的裂纹扩展特性,揭示了FGH96全尺寸涡轮盘与紧凑拉伸试样裂纹扩展特性具有显著差别的客观规律;获得FGH96全尺寸涡轮盘580℃损伤容限值,明确某发动机高压涡轮盘损伤容限水平.      

间冷回热循环航空发动机参数匹配研究

在常规大涵道比涡扇发动机热力循环基础上增加间冷过程和回热过程,发展了间冷回热循环航空发动机(IRA)的计算模型和相应的性能仿真程序.分析了采用间冷回热技术的分排大涵道比涡扇发动机的热力循环参数选择与匹配.结果表明:间冷度、回热度、外涵道间冷用气量、增压级和高压压气机压比分配、总增压比、涵道比等热力循环参数对IRA的性能有很大影响;合理应用间冷回热技术,并优化发动机热力循环参数匹配可以显著改善发动机的性能.