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71.
H.S. Ahluwalia C. Lopate 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
Solar modulations of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity contain a wealth of information about their transport in the heliosphere. To extract this information from the data one studies the dependence of the observed modulations on the mean energy of response of detectors providing data for the analyses. There is a great deal of confusion about the detector energy response to GCR spectrum in the literature. We present a preliminary report on the computations of the mean energy of response for the Climax neutron monitor (CL/NM) and IMP 8 cosmic ray nuclear composition instrument to GCR protons for 1973–1998, covering the solar cycles 21 and 22. We find that for penetrating proton channel on IMP 8 the mean energy changes by a factor of over two whereas for the neutron monitor the change is only 21%. However, the corresponding change for the computed modulation function is a factor of about 3.5. 相似文献
72.
Emirant Bertillas Amabayo Lee-Anne McKinnell Pierre J. Cilliers 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The occurrence of mid-latitude spread F (SF) over South Africa has not been extensively studied since the installation of the DPS-4 digisondes in 1996 and 2000 at Grahamstown (33.32 °S, 26.50 °E) and Madimbo (22.38 °S, 30.88 °E) respectively. This study is intended to quantify the probability of occurrence of F region disturbances associated with SF over South Africa. A study was conducted using data for 8 years (2001–2008) over Madimbo (with a time resolution of 30 min) and Grahamstown (with a variable time resolution of 15 and 30 min). In this study, SF has been classified into frequency SF (FSF), range SF (RSF) and mixed SF (MSF). The SF events were identified by manually identifying ionograms showing SF and tabulating them according to type for further statistical analysis. The results show that the diurnal pattern of SF peaks strongly between 01:00 and 02:00 local time, LT (LT = UT + 2 h), where UT is the universal time. This pattern is true for all seasons and types of SF at Madimbo and Grahamstown in 2001 and 2005, except for RSF which had peaks during autumn and spring in 2001 at Madimbo. The probability of both MSF and FSF tends to increase with decreasing solar activity, with a peak in 2005 (a moderate solar activity period). The seasonal peaks of MSF and FSF are more frequent during winter months at both Madimbo and Grahamstown. In this study, SF was evident in ∼0.03% and ∼0.06% of the available ionograms at Madimbo and Grahamstown respectively during the 8 years. 相似文献
73.
利用广州台站(23.2°N,113.3°E)的实测数据和IRI-2012模型提供的预测数据,对比分析了2013年广州地区f_0F2的变化特征.结果表明,IRI-2012模型能够较好预测该地区f_0F_2的变化趋势,并且CCIR参数得到的预测值比URSI参数更接近实测值;预测值与实测值存在系统偏差,在11:00 LT-06:00 LT时段,观测值均比预测值大,其他时段则相反.在日落后至午夜前时段,预测值与实测值有较大差距.绝对偏差的极值点通常出现在20:00 LT左右,最大超过4 MHz.相对偏差变化比较明显的时段是午夜后至凌晨;在02:00 LT或04:00 LT及06:00 LT附近,可能会出现双误差峰值点,最大超过0.4;但在σ变化很大的20:00 LT附近,相对偏差却变化不大.夜间增强现象会使得偏差增大,导致预测值不能很好反映实测f_0F2的变化. 相似文献
74.
王百亚%张康助%雷海锋%方东红 《宇航材料工艺》2003,33(4):39-42
研究讨论了缠绕过程中几种主要工艺参数对F— 12纤维 /RE14配方Φ15 0mm压力容器复合材料性能的影响。结果表明 :采用“交替”铺层方式缠绕成型 ,含胶量控制在 30 %~ 4 0 % (质量分数 ) ,缠绕张力控制在 15 0N~ 2 0 0N ,采用GPC谱图控制固化时机 ,得到的复合材料综合性能较好 ;用优化出的工艺参数进行了Φ4 80mm压力容器试验 ,结果表明其容器特性系数PV/W值为 37.0 2km ,纤维强度转化率高达73.2 6 %。 相似文献
75.
Yuri N. Kulikov Helmut Lammer Herbert I. M. Lichtenegger Thomas Penz Doris Breuer Tilman Spohn Rickard Lundin Helfried K. Biernat 《Space Science Reviews》2007,129(1-3):207-243
Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation,
heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary
atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect
of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun
arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal
balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic
chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO2, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures
obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen
and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H2, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO2, N2 and H2O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various
non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian
magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease
the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost
its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the
young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations
for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount
of ∼250 bar of O+ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial
ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×1024 g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and
compare our findings with the results of preceding studies. 相似文献
76.
V. S. Heber R. C. Wiens D. B. Reisenfeld J. H. Allton H. Baur D. S. Burnett C. T. Olinger U. Wiechert R. Wieler 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):309-316
The concentrator on Genesis provided samples of increased fluences of solar wind ions for precise determination of the oxygen
isotopic composition. The concentration process caused mass fractionation as a function of the radial target position. This
fractionation was measured using Ne released by UV laser ablation and compared with modelled Ne data, obtained from ion-trajectory
simulations. Measured data show that the concentrator performed as expected and indicate a radially symmetric concentration
process. Measured concentration factors are up to ∼30 at the target centre. The total range of isotopic fractionation along
the target radius is 3.8%/amu, with monotonically decreasing 20Ne/22Ne towards the centre, which differs from model predictions. We discuss potential reasons and propose future attempts to overcome
these disagreements. 相似文献
77.
André Balogh Réjean Grard Sean C. Solomon Rita Schulz Yves Langevin Yasumasa Kasaba Masaki Fujimoto 《Space Science Reviews》2007,132(2-4):611-645
Mercury is a very difficult planet to observe from the Earth, and space missions that target Mercury are essential for a comprehensive
understanding of the planet. At the same time, it is also difficult to orbit because it is deep inside the Sun’s gravitational
well. Only one mission has visited Mercury; that was Mariner 10 in the 1970s. This paper provides a brief history of Mariner
10 and the numerous imaginative but unsuccessful mission proposals since the 1970s for another Mercury mission. In the late
1990s, two missions—MESSENGER and BepiColombo—received the go-ahead; MESSENGER is on its way to its first encounter with Mercury
in January 2008. The history, scientific objectives, mission designs, and payloads of both these missions are described in
detail. 相似文献
78.
79.
本文通过三维数值模拟研究蓄热式太阳能热光伏-热推进双模系统的蓄/释热特性和推进性能。在蓄热式太阳能热推进系统工程模型的基础上,通过射线光学的光路分析验证了聚光器设计的合理性,并获得吸热腔壁面能量分布情况,进一步研究了相变蓄热过程的影响因素。基于场协同原理对热光伏再生冷却结构进行了优化设计,使热光伏具有较好的散热特性,提高发电功率;通过整机流动换热仿真,分析了工质流体在推进器内部的换热情况,计算结果表明,蓄热式热推进器具有达到734s比冲和0.9N推力的推进性能,以及能够满足日蚀区微小卫星的供电和推力需求。 相似文献
80.
文章简要地叙述碳纤维复合材料刚性太阳电池阵基板的结构设计,理论分析,模态试验和振动试验。理论分析和试验结果比较一致。通过试验还解决了基板各种复合材料的力学性能测试问题,取得了必要的数据。 相似文献