立铣切削力分类研究及精确铣削力模型的建立

 提出了一种根据切削力变化曲线的形状特征精确建立铣削力预测模型的方法。以立铣加工过程为研究对象,基于静力模型,研究铣削力的变化规律和切削用量的关系,总结了6种不同切深组合下的铣削力类型并分别给出理论的切削力随刀具旋转的变化曲线图,基于切削力交叠程度又将切削力细分为10类。在此基础上通过定义切削力分析指标,得到了基于切削力曲线形状特征的实际切深的计算方法。根据理论分析结果,提出在不同切深组合下分别建立铣削力模型的观点,实际切深的应用使得模型更加精确,更重要的是根据该切削力分类来组织试验,针对性加强,试验数据更可信。通过合理安排试验,验证了该理论的正确性。     

Improvement in the GERB short wave flux estimations over snow covered surfaces

Because space-borne radiometers do not measure the Earth’s outgoing fluxes directly, angular distribution models (ADMs) are required to relate actual radiance measurement to flux at given solar angle, satellite-viewing geometries, surface, and atmospheric conditions. The conversion of one footprint broad-band radiance into the corresponding flux requires therefore one to first characterize each footprint in terms of surface type and cloud cover properties to properly select the adequate ADM.

A snow (and sea-ice) retrieval technique based on spectral measurements from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board Meteosat 8 is presented. It has been developed to improve the scene identification and thus the ADM selection in the near-real time processing of the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) data at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium. The improvement in the GERB short wave flux estimations over snow covered scene types resulting from angular conversion using dedicated snow ADMs (e.g., empirical snow ADMs and/or pre-computed theoretical snow ADM) instead of empirical snow-free ADMs is discussed.     

某产品变深槽靠模形板的设计与计算

本文通过对某产品变深槽加工关键技术的解决，阐述了变深槽靠模形板的设计原理。并对计算公式的推导及计算方法做了详细介绍，为以后类似零件的加工提供可借鉴的理论依据。     

Analysis of precipitable water vapour characteristics from GNSS measurements during the snow season in Liaoning Province,China

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote sensing precipitable water vapour (PWV) data from November 2015 to March 2019 were combined with snowfall observation data and used to analyse PWV characteristics in Liaoning Province during the snow season (from November to March the following year) and their relationship with snowfall. The potential of using GNSS for PWV measurements was demonstrated using sounding data with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.9 and a mean bias error lower than 0.5 mm. According to the GNSS PWV data gathered at 30-min intervals from 68 GNSS stations in Liaoning during the snow season, the monthly PWV average was highest in November and lowest in January. Negative correlations were found between PWV and altitude. Most of the water vapour was concentrated in the low layer of the atmosphere, and the contribution of this vapour to the PWV was higher during the snow season than in summer. A total of 43 snow cases were identified using the snowfall records from 53 GNSS stations, and the characteristics of PWV during these snowfalls were analysed. An increase in PWV was observed before snowfall events. Moreover, the influence of synoptic systems and air mass origins on PWV was analysed based on National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data and the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results show that the water vapour condition was better when the synoptic systems or air masses came from areas south of Liaoning.     

基于相控阵超声的铝合金熔焊缝缺陷深度定位技术研究

传统的射线照相检测技术仍是铝合金熔焊缝缺陷的主要检测方式,由于传统射线照相检测无法测量缺陷在焊缝高度方向上的尺寸和位置,在缺陷的定位和排除方面存在不足,从而加大缺陷排除的工作量,甚至由于缺陷排除方向错误造成焊缝挖穿,影响补焊质量.相控阵超声检测技术通过接收缺陷回波来实现缺陷检测,可以反映缺陷的尺寸和位置信息.本文采用Omni Scan MX相控阵超声检测仪和5L64-A2相控阵探头针对对比试块、铝合金熔焊缝缺陷进行了定位技术研究,并与缺陷微观测量、宏观测量的结果进行对比,结果表明基于相控阵超声检测的铝合金熔焊缝缺陷深度定位检测结果与微观检测结果基本一致,可以采用相控阵超声检测技术进行铝合金熔焊缝缺陷深度定位.     

喷射角对超声速燃烧室掺混和燃烧的影响

针对壁面喷射方式,分别在冷态喷流和燃烧工况下探讨了喷射角的变化对超声速流场中的燃料掺混效果及燃烧效率的影响。研究表明:采用带角度喷射能明显减弱壁面垂直喷射导致的强激波,减小激波/边界层干扰带来的总压损失,在燃料掺混特性方面,减小喷射角会降低近场穿透距离,减弱近场的掺混效果,而对中场的穿透深度及掺混效果影响不大,但带角度喷射的远场的穿透深度及掺混不如垂直喷射。所以垂直喷射时,虽然更多的燃料和空气发生掺混,燃烧效率要高于带角度喷射的,但会以牺牲很大的总压为代价,所以在工程中建议采用带角度喷射配合其他喷射方式。     

调整工艺参数对ESR熔池深度影响的研究

研究了自耗电极自动进给系统下的电渣重熔 (Electroslagremelting简称ESR)工艺参数与熔池深度h( 0 ,Y)的关系 ,它可用h( 0 ,Y) =A·e-B/Y数学式表示 ,其中A ,B为工艺参数的函数。利用这一数学表达式 ,如果工艺参数变量为已知 ,则可求出任意锭高Y的h( 0 ,Y) 。比较了调整功率与等电流重熔二种工艺 ,结果表明 ,前者得到的h( 0 ,Y) 有明显的降低 ,且随锭高Y的增加 ,h( 0 ,Y) 变化亦小 ,有利于得到均匀的铸态组织。假若调整幅度选择得当 ,在锭高Y大于某一值时 ,获得近等深熔池是可能的     

Young Children's Perception of Diagrammatic Representations

Diagrams and pictorial representations are common in children's lives and require abstraction away from visual perception. In three experiments, we investigated 4- to 8-year-olds’ comprehension of such representations. In Experiment 1 (N = 80), children were shown photographs of geometric objects and asked to choose the corresponding line drawing from among sets of four, or vice versa. Results showed considerable developmental progression, especially around age 6. Experiment 2 (N = 16) ruled out that 4-year-olds’ difficulties were due to problems with the visual matching task itself. Experiment 3 (N = 32) showed comparable performance for matching diagrams to 3D objects rather than to photographs. Findings suggest increasing understanding of diagrammatic representations around the time of school entry.     

控制景深提高影像测量仪Z轴测量精度

探讨的是景深大小对于2.5D影像测量仪Z轴测量精度的影响。通过理论数据的推导以及具体实验的设计,告诉测量者要改变焦距和放大倍率来控制景深的大小,从而得到准确测量结果。对二维半测量工作具有显著指导意义。     

ZrO2陶瓷切向超声辅助磨削表面及亚表面损伤机制

为进一步揭示切向超声辅助磨削过程中硬脆材料的表面及亚表面损伤机理,基于应变率模型对其磨削过程中材料的动态力学性能进行分析,并在此基础上建立了硬脆材料的脆-塑转变临界切削深度模型与微裂纹损伤深度模型。研究发现,脆-塑转变临界切削深度和微裂纹损伤深度均与应变率有关,其中临界切削深度随着应变率的增加而增加,而横向裂纹损伤深度与中位裂纹损伤深度均随应变率的增加而减小。通过ZrO₂陶瓷切向超声辅助磨削试验进行验证。试验结果表明：由于切向超声振动的引入提高了材料应变率,进而提高了材料的动态断裂应力以及动态断裂韧性,从而扩大了ZrO₂陶瓷的塑性域去除范围,降低了加工表面的横向裂纹与中位裂纹损伤深度,使得ZrO₂陶瓷的表面及亚表面质量得到明显改善。试验结果与理论分析相一致,为进一步揭示切向超声辅助磨削过程中硬脆材料的表面及亚表面微观损伤机理提供了理论参考。