Small satellite survey mission to the second Earth moon

This paper presents an innovative space mission devoted to the survey of the small Earth companion asteroid by means of nano platforms. Also known as the second Earth moon, Cruithne, is the target identified for the mission. Both the trajectory to reach the target and a preliminary spacecraft budget are here detailed. The idea is to exploit high efficient ion thrusters to reduce the propellant mass fraction in such a high total impulse mission (of the order of 1e6 Ns). This approach allows for a 100 kg class spacecraft with a very small Earth escape energy (5 km²/s²) to reach the destination in about 320 days. The 31% propellant mass fraction allows for a payload mass fraction of the order of 8% and this is sufficient to embark on such a small spacecraft a couple of nano-satellites deployed once at the target to carry out a complete survey of the asteroid. Two 2U Cubesats are here considered as representative payload, but also other scientific payloads or different platforms might be considered according with the specific mission needs. The small spacecraft used to transfer these to the target guarantees the manoeuvre capabilities during the interplanetary journey, the protection against radiations along the path and the telecommunication relay functions for the data transmission with Earth stations. The approach outlined in the paper offers reliable solutions to the main issues associated with a deep space nano-satellite mission thus allowing the exploitation of distant targets by means of these tiny spacecraft. The study presents an innovative general strategy for the NEO observation and Cruithne is chosen as test bench. This target, however, mainly for its relevant inclination, requires a relatively large propellant mass fraction that can be reduced if low inclination asteroids are of interest. This might increase the payload mass fraction (e.g. additional Cubesats and/or additional scientific payloads on the main bus) for the same 100 kg class mission.     

低轨卫星多普勒频移特性的快速计算

地面站利用低轨卫星进行通信时,地面接收站接收信号存在明显的多普勒频移现象。为描述多普勒频移特性,首先分析卫星轨道偏心率对多普勒特性曲线的影响,分析表明：轨道偏心率越大,地面站接收信号多普勒变化率越大。其次,推导了卫星多普勒频移的计算表达式,并讨论了低轨卫星多普勒频移特性曲线的快速计算。仿真计算结果表明,该算法可以很好地描述任意低轨道卫星多普勒频移特性,并明显缩短了精确算法的计算时间,对于10 000km轨道高度卫星,算法置信度可达99%以上。     

面向低成本微纳卫星的快速试验体系研究

文章结合微纳卫星典型特点,分析了由此带来的试验新需求;对比传统卫星试验标准和即将发布的国外微纳卫星试验标准草案,提出在充分继承传统卫星试验技术成果基础上,针对国内微纳卫星发展现状,兼顾灵活性和COTS(commercial off-the-shelf)产品可靠性保证需求,构建国内微纳卫星快速试验体系的总体思路。     

准惯性定向探测卫星GPS接收天线安装角度研究

研究了准惯性定向探测卫星GPS接收天线的安装角度问题. 根据卫星任务需求分析其姿态需求, 再由姿态需求对GPS接收天线的安装方式进行理论分析和仿真计算, 通过GDOP值优选了安装角度方案. 仿真结果表明, GPS接收天线的轴向在本体±y轴即轨道面法向或负法向方向附近.      

小天体软着陆自主光学导航与制导方法研究

针对小天体软着陆任务自主性、实时性的需求,对软着陆小天体自主导航与制导问题 进行了研究。提出了一种利用激光测距仪和光学导航相机跟踪目标着陆点的自主导航方案, 利用测距矢量以及目标点之间的几何关系,确定着陆平面法向方向和目标点位置。分析期望 的探测器下降轨迹特点,给出了一种基于制导变量的脉冲控制制导律,通过对目标点视线与 着陆平面法向矢量之间夹角的控制,将软着陆小天体控制分解为切向控制与法向控制两部分 。最后,通过数学仿真对自主导航制导系统的性能进行了验证,结果表明该方法能够满足垂 直软着陆的任务需要,实现高精度软着陆。     

“北京一号”小卫星图像分析

20世纪80年代中期开始,世界航天界兴起了发展小卫星的热潮,特别是小卫星星群或星座的发展,将取代部分现代大型应用卫星的功能。文章提出并总结了图像综合品质评价技术指标,对中国的“北京一号”（DMC＋4灾难监测星座）小卫星图像进行评价,从图像的空间分辨率、光谱分辨率和时间分辨率几个方面对中国“北京一号”小卫星图像进行分析。     

多星任务规划中的FFFS-DTMB与ADTPC-DTMB算法

 多星对地观测任务规划是一类典型组合优化问题,针对该问题中常见的时间窗口冲突问题,根据同一时间窗口内的冲突任务的处理方式提出了两种有效处理此类问题的规划算法：带有冲突任务时间窗口后移的先完成先规划算法(FFFS DTMB)以及冲突任务共存性判断算法(ADTPC DTMB),并给出了关键步骤的算法过程与伪代码。完整的卫星任务规划过程包括了约束检查、优先级检查以及任务规划,不考虑任务间关系与优先级,主要研究处理具有时间窗口冲突的任务规划算法。文中给出的两种算法优化目标均为最大化规划任务数量。算法的主要思路是通过采用一个冲突任务替换一个已规划的任务,并将替换任务后移至下一时间窗口或在同一时间窗口内部后移。最终的评价结果显示了两种算法的有效性。     

Ocean Observation from Haiyang Satellites: 2012–2014

During 2012 and 2014, China has two Haiyang(which means ocean in Chinese, referred to as HY) satellites operating normally in space which are HY-1B and HY-2A. HY-1B is an ocean color environment satellite which was launched in April 2007 to observe global ocean color and sea surface temperature, and HY-2A is an ocean dynamic environment satellite which was launched in August 2011 to obtain global marine dynamic environment parameters including sea surface height,significant wave height, ocean wind vectors, etc. Ocean observation data provided by HY-1B and HY-2A have been widely used by both domestic and international users in extensive areas such as ocean environment protection, ocean disaster prevention and reduction, marine environment forecast,ocean resource development and management, ocean investigations and scientific researches, etc.     

Dual attitude and parameter estimation of passively magnetically stabilized nano satellites

The attitude determination capability of a nano satellite is limited by a lack of traditional high performance attitude sensors, a result of having small budgets for mass and power. Attitude determination can still be performed on a nano satellite with low fidelity sensors, but an accurate model of the spacecraft attitude dynamics is required. The passive magnetic stabilization systems commonly employed in nano satellites are known to introduce uncertainties in the parameters of the attitude dynamics model that cannot easily be resolved prior to launch. In this paper, a batch estimation problem is formulated that simultaneously solves for the attitude of the spacecraft and performs parameter estimation on the magnetic properties of the magnetic materials using only a measurement of the solar vector. The estimation technique is applied to data from NASA Ames Research Center's O/OREOS nano satellite and the University of Michigan's RAX-1 nano satellite, where clear differences are detected between the magnetic properties as measured before launch and those that fit the observed data. To date this is the first known on-orbit verification of the attitude dynamics model of a passively magnetically stabilized spacecraft.     

微小卫星用微型控制力矩陀螺研究

摘要： 随着技术的发展,微小卫星已经成为一种功能强大的航天器.为了进一步拓展微小卫星的应用领域,提升其任务效益,高敏捷机动能力成为了微小卫星发展的重要方向.控制力矩陀螺（CMG）因其具有高转矩能量比和低重量力矩比,将成为实现微小卫星敏捷机动的重要执行机构.介绍一种新型的可应用于微小卫星的微型CMG,其角动量为0.1 N·m·s.经过实验室测试和环境试验,结果表明该型CMG可满足微小卫星的姿态控制需求.