浅谈施工企业降低工程成本的有效控制

在目前我国建筑市场竞争激烈的背景下,对于一个建筑企业而言,取得项目施工权固然重要,但合理控制并降低施工成本,在保证施工质量前提下取得相应利润回报更为关键,应从施工前、施工过程中、竣工后三个环节加以有效控制。     

廊坊市大学生生活现状调查及其浅析

青年,尤其是当代大学生是一个国家发展的重要后备力量,他们的健康成长关乎着国家未来和民族的兴衰。通过对廊坊市区内五所高校的部分大学生在大学期间的各项时间分配情况的调查,反映出当前我市大学生具有规律性的一些生活现状。并对此进行认真分析,提出了高校及教育管理部门在大学生教学、教育过程中应注意的问题。     

调控收入差别,缩小收入差距

全面建设小康社会是党的十六大确立的奋斗目标.全面建设小康社会要求我们重视收入分配,当前收入分配的改革重点应放在缩小收入差距上,通过收入分配的市场公平和社会公平来促进全面建设小康社会.     

试论债转股运作中的问题及启示

为解决国有企业资金不足和银行的不良资产问题而出台的"债转股"政策引起了社会各界的广泛关注,本文通过分析其运作中存在的问题,讨论了其所能得到的启示.     

空间微波交会雷达总体构想

结合我国载人航天工程未来发展的需要,分析了国外微波交会雷达技术的发展方向,提出了我国微波交会雷达的总体实施方案构想。     

柔性多层冲击空间碎片防护结构设计与试验

充气展开密封结构是未来空间站以及大型空间居住舱的理想构建形式,其外蒙皮由气密层、增强层、微流星体和空间碎片防护层、辐射保护层以及热控层组成。为了既满足对空间碎片的防护,又满足折叠、收纳以及展开的要求,空间碎片防护层需要采用多层冲击防护结构设计。基于多层冲击防护结构,采用国产的玄武岩纤维材料和芳纶织物的特性参数,根据弹道极限方程设定了柔性空间碎片防护层的设计参数,并通过高速撞击试验对根据设计参数生产的试验件进行了试验验证,试验结果与柔性多层冲击防护结构的弹道极限方程吻合较好。     

一种深空粒子采样返回探测器构型设想

以太阳风粒子、深空尘埃等为目标的采样返回探测任务是空间科学与深空探测研究的热点方向之一。对“星尘号”“起源号”两个典型采样返回探测器的构型进行了分析,并梳理了其主要构型特点。结合我国月地高速再入返回飞行器的构型特点,提出了一种深空粒子采样返回探测器构型的设想：总体构型由长方形主体和流线型返回器组成,主体构型适应于承载返回器和其他装器设备,返回器构型适应于样品收集和再入返回气动外形。设计方案采用了充气式采样器进行粒子收集,具有体积小、重量轻、折叠效率高、展开可靠、工程实施简单等特点,并采用了可重复收拢展开的太阳翼,能够适应收集不同类型深空粒子的需求。     

2021 Turkey mega forest Fires: Biodiversity measurements of the IUCN Red List wildlife mammals in Sentinel-2 based burned areas

Mega wildfires are one of the environmental disasters worldwide. This study evaluates the pre-fire species diversity and the indirect effects, including habitat loss for one of the largest wildfires in Manavgat (Antalya-Turkey) in 2021, with a two-step methodology. Here, (1) burnt areas in the Manavgat district (2021) were detected with remote sensing data from Sentinel-2A by delta Normalized Burn Ratio calculation for a selected area in Google Earth Engine, and (2) mammals' habitat vector data of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List were integrated into Habitat and Biodiversity modelling of Terrset to analyze the alpha, beta, gamma diversity and Range Restriction Index for the wildfire region. In the total 4210 km² study area, 696 km² of the area was damaged by different fire severity; also, there were 56 mammal species' habitats here. These species include bats (i.e. Nyctalus leisleri), felids (i.e. Felis chaus), rodents (i.e. Rattus norvegicus) and large mammals (i.e. Ursus arctos). 88 % of these species are in IUCN's Least Concern category. The remaining classes are Near Threatened (3.7 %) and Vulnerable (7.4 %). This study also indicated that the burnt area's species richness does not totally consist of endemic species. Therefore, pre-fire species richness analyses of this study can be a base for further studies about the species' post-fire activity and occupancy.Furthermore, the 2021 mega wildfires show us the necessity of wildfire monitoring and risk studies in the entire Mediterranean ecosystem to evaluate the risks to the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, post-fire spatial data, fire migration monitorization, and recording of the species' activities should be performed temporally. In this way, the ability of wildlife's recovering, and the direct and indirect effects of the fire will be examined for ecosystems in the long term.     

The adjusted optical properties for Galileo/BeiDou-2/QZS-1 satellites and initial results on BeiDou-3e and QZS-2 satellites

Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) is the dominant non-gravitational perturbation for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) satellites. In the absence of precise surface models, the Empirical CODE Orbit Models (ECOM, ECOM2) are widely used in GNSS satellite orbit determination. Based on previous studies, the use of an a priori box-wing model enhances the ECOM model, especially if the spacecraft is a stretched body satellite. However, so far not all the GNSS system providers have published their metadata. To ensure a precise use of the a priori box-wing model, we estimate the optical parameters of all the Galileo, BeiDou-2, and QZS-1 (Quasi Zenith Satellite System) satellites based on the physical processes from SRP to acceleration. Validation using orbit prediction proves that the adjusted parameters of Galileo and QZS-1 satellites exhibit almost the same performance as the corresponding published and “best guess” values. Whereas, the estimated parameters of BeiDou-2 satellites demonstrate an improvement of more than 60% over the initial “guess” values. The resulting optical parameters of all the satellites are introduced into an a priori box-wing model, which is jointly used with ECOM and ECOM2 model in the orbit determination. Results show that the pure ECOM2 model exhibits better performance than the pure ECOM model for Galileo, BeiDou-2 GEO and QZS-1 orbits. Combined with the a priori box-wing model the ECOM model (ECOM+BW) results in the best Galileo, BeiDou-2 GEO and QZS-1 orbits. The standard deviation (STD) of satellite laser ranging residuals reduce by about 20% and 5% with respect to the pure ECOM2 model for Galileo and BeiDou-2 GEO orbits, while the reductions are about 40% and 60% for QZS-1 orbits in yaw-steering and orbit-normal mode respectively. BeiDou-2 IGSO and MEO satellite orbits do not benefit much from the a priori box-wing model. In summary, we suggest setting up a unified SRP model of ECOM+BW for Galileo, QZS-1, and BeiDou-2 orbits based on the adjusted metadata. In addition, we estimate the optical parameters of BeiDou-3e and QZS-2 satellites using a limited number of tracking stations. Results regarding the unified SRP model indicate the same advantages, the STD of satellite laser ranging residuals reduces by about 30% and 20% for QZS-2 and BeiDou-3e orbits respectively over orbit products without a priori model. The estimation procedure is effective and easy to apply to the new emerging satellites in the future.     

Comparison of observed ionospheric vertical TEC over the sea in Indian region with IRI-2016 model

The vertical ionospheric TEC values obtained from GAGAN grid based ionospheric delay correction values over the sea in the Indian equatorial region have been compared with the corresponding values derived from the International Reference Ionosphere model, IRI-2016. The objective of this work is to study the deviation of the vertical TEC derived from the IRI model from ground truths over the sea for different conditions. This will serve the basic intention of assessing the candidature of the IRI model as an alternative ionospheric correction model in navigation receivers in terms of accuracy. We have chosen different solar activity periods, seasons, geomagnetic conditions, locations etc. for our comparison and analysis. The TEC values by the IRI-2016 were compared with the actual measured values for the given conditions and errors were obtained. The measured vertical TEC values at the ionospheric grid points were derived from the GAGAN broadcast ionospheric delay data and used as reference. The IRI model with standard internal functions was used in estimating the TEC at the same ionospheric grid points. The errors in the model derived values are statistically analysed. Broadly, the results show that, for the Indian sector over the sea, the IRI model performs better on quiet days in off equatorial regions, particularly in the northern region. The overall performance degrades for other conditions with the model generally underestimating the true TEC values and most severely in the equatorial region. The performance is worst in this region for the disturbed days of the equinoctial period. The comparison study is also done with the TEC data measured directly by dual frequency GPS receivers. The results were found to be in general agreement with those obtained by comparing the model with GAGAN broadcast data as reference. This study will be useful in considering the IRI-2016 model for real time estimates of TEC as an alternative to the current parametric model in a satellite navigation receiver in absence of other options.