低空风切变系统建模及其对直升机飞行安全威胁定性分析

系统地建立了含湍流的三维低空风切变模型，并综合分析了其对直升机飞行安全的威胁。建立了微下击暴流风场及大气湍流场组合的风切变模型，在不增加计算量的前提下，选取特征点发展直升机飞行动力学模型，有效捕捉了风切变的切变特性，提高了在风场中的动态响应计算精度。模型配备姿态保持功能的控制增稳系统已符合一般直升机的飞行状态，并改善机体响应。根据风速分布的特点，选取不同飞行速度、不同风场位置进行飞行仿真，定性地对比分析状态量变化与风场对应关系，并且以垂向通道为例，从动力学角度分析验证了响应的理论计算表达式。结果表明：湍流主要导致高频姿态角响应，风切变对飞行状态量变化占主导作用，且垂向风是引起威胁的主要因素，据此提出危险风场规避建议。     

Nonlinear filtering for sequential spacecraft attitude estimation with real data: Cubature Kalman Filter,Unscented Kalman Filter and Extended Kalman Filter

This article compares the attitude estimated by nonlinear estimator Cubature Kalman Filter with results obtained by the Extended Kalman Filter and Unscented Kalman Filter. Currently these estimators are the subject of great interest in attitude estimation problems, however, mostly the Extended Kalman Filter has been applied to real problems of this nature. In order to evaluate the behavior of the Extended Kalman Filter, Unscented Kalman Filter and Cubature Kalman Filter algorithms when submitted to realistic situations, this paper uses real data of sensors on-board the CBERS-2 remote sensing satellite (China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite). It is observed that, for the case studied in this article, the filters are very competitive and present advantages and disadvantages that should be dealt with according to the requirements of the problem.     

Applying fuzzy bi-dimensional scenario-based model to the assessment of Mars mission architecture scenarios

Sending man to Mars has been a long-held dream of humankind. NASA plans human planetary explorations using approaches that are technically feasible, have reasonable risks and have relatively low costs. This study presents a novel Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) model for evaluating a range of potential mission scenarios for the human exploration of Mars. The three alternatives identified by the Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) include split mission, combo lander and dual scenarios. The proposed framework subsumes the following key methods: first, the conjunction method is used to minimize the number of alternative mission scenarios; second, the Fuzzy Risk Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (RFMEA) is used to analyze the potential failure of the alternative scenarios; third, the fuzzy group Real Option Analysis (ROA) is used to estimate the expected costs and benefits of the alternative scenarios; and fourth, the fuzzy group permutation approach is used to select the optimal mission scenario. We present the results of a case study at NASA’s Johnson Space center to demonstrate: (1) the complexity of mission scenario selection involving subjective and objective judgments provided by multiple space exploration experts; and (2) a systematic and structured method for aggregating quantitative and qualitative data concerning a large number of competing and conflicting mission events.     

Loop Models from SOHO Observations

The Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) on SOHO is a grazing/normal incidence spectrograph, aimed to produce stigmatic spectra of selected regions of the solar surface in six spectral windows of the extreme ultraviolet from 150 Å to 785 Å (Harrison et al. 1995). In the present work, CDS, EIT, MDI and Yohkoh observations of active region lops have been analyzed. These observations are part of JOP 54. CDS monochromatic images from lines at different temperatures have been co-aligned with EIT and MDI images, and loop structures have been clearly identified using Fe XVI emission lines. Density sensitive lines and lines from adjacent stages of ionization of Fe ions have been used to measure electron density and temperature along the loop length; these measurements have been used to determine the electron pressure along the loop and test the constant pressure assumption commonly used in loop modeling. The observations have been compared with a static, isobaric loop model (Landini and Monsignori Fossi 1975) assuming a temperature-constant heating function in the energy balance equation. Good agreement is found for the temperature distribution along the loop at the coronal level. The model pressure is somewhat higher than obtained from density sensitive line ratios.     

Atmospheric Ion-induced Aerosol Nucleation

Ion-induced nucleation has been suggested to be a potentially important mechanism for atmospheric aerosol formation. Ions are formed in the background atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays. A possible connection between galactic cosmic rays and cloudiness has been However, the predictions of current atmospheric nucleation models are highly uncertain because the models are usually based on the liquid drop model that estimates cluster thermodynamics based on bulk properties (e.g., liquid drop density and surface tension). Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and water are assumed to be the most important nucleating agents in the free troposphere. Measurements of the molecular thermodynamics for the growth and evaporation of cluster ions containing H₂SO₄ and H₂O were performed using a temperature-controlled laminar flow reactor coupled to a linear quadrupole mass spectrometer as well as a temperature-controlled ion trap mass spectrometer. The measurements were complemented by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster ion structures. The analysis yielded a complete set of H₂SO₄ and H₂O binding thermodynamics extending from molecular cluster ions to the bulk, based on experimental thermodynamics for the small clusters. The data were incorporated into a kinetic aerosol model to yield quantitative predictions of the rate of ion-induced nucleation for atmospheric conditions. The model predicts that the negative ion-H₂SO₄-H₂O nucleation mechanism is an efficient source of new particles in the middle and upper troposphere.     

液体火箭发动机健康监控──故障检测与诊断

以大型液体火箭发动机故障诊断系统框架为基础，按照发动机不同工作阶段的特点建立了相应的故障检测与诊断算法。利用发动机的高队数学模型，对基于推广的卡尔曼滤波器技术的新息检测算法进行了研究。根据发动机系统工作过程的特点，建立了降阶故障模式响应模型，并发展了相应的故障模式检验方法。为了适应在线实时检测的需要，利用发动机的试验数据，分别研究了基于人工神经元网络辨识模型的发动机启动过程检测算法和基于时间序列分析方法的发动机主机工作过程检测算法。通过试验数据的检测验证，证明了这些实时算法的快速性、准确性和鲁律性。     

损耗大气中随机重力波场的传输方程

从包含分子粘性的非线性相互作用方程出发, 采用随机相位近似, 推导了损耗大气中重力波场的非线性传输方程。由于分子损耗的引入, 谱演变的速率发生了改变, 在某些情况下, 还会得到与无耗条件下的传输规律相反的结论。损耗大气中重力波场的传输方程是研究中高层大气重力波能量收支平衡的出发点。      

高层大气及其预报研究对航天飞行的重要性

简述控制高层大气的主要能源和描绘了高层大气的主要天气变化过程,并且阐明高层大气及其预报研究的量要性和给出高层大气对航天飞行有严重影响的几个实例,最后简介高层大气及其预报研究的新动向。     

测速定轨的实时算法

基于弹道参数的样条表示理论，本文提出了雷达目标的测速定轨实时算法。算法的关键是通过弹道表示系数的递推计算，由预测量与实际测量量的差别来计算样条系数和确定样条节点。在已有的弹道样条表示基础上，下一时刻的弹道计算有三种情况：用预测值、局部调整校条系数和增加样条节点，给出了在实时计算中采用哪种计算的准则。     

基于木星大气环境的降落伞系统气动特性研究

木星探测是未来行星探测的重要发展方向,而降落伞是进入木星大气探测必不可少的气动减速装置。文章基于“伽利略号”探测任务,设计了满足未来木星探测需求的降落伞系统简化模型,并针对该降落伞系统进行了数值模拟,研究了木星大气和地球风洞实验环境中不同来流马赫数下降落伞系统的复杂流动现象及气动力变化规律。在木星大气环境中,降落伞的阻力系数和横向力系数大小以及横向力系数波动幅度均高于风洞试验环境,阻力系数波动幅度均低于风洞实验环境。此外,还研究了木星大气环境中不同来流攻角下降落伞系统的气动特性。研究表明,木星大气环境中降落伞系统气动特性与风洞实验结果有差异,因此未来在设计用于木星探测的降落伞系统时,应考虑由于木星大气环境对降落伞系统气动特性的影响。