Xilinx SRAM型FPGA抗辐射设计技术研究

针对Xilinx SRAM型FPGA在空间应用中的可行性，分析了Xilinx SRAM型FPGA的结构，以及空间辐射效应对这种结构FPGA的影响，指出SRAM型的FPGA随着工艺水平的提高、器件规模的增大和核电压的降低，抗总剂量效应不断提高，抵抗单粒子效应，尤其是单粒子翻转和单粒子瞬态脉冲的能力降低。分析了FPGA综合后常见的Half-latch在辐射环境中的影响并结合实际工程实践给出了解决上述问题的一些有用办法和注意事项，如，冗余设计、同步设计、算术逻辑运算结果校验、白检等。最后还提出一种基于COTS器件的“由顶到底”的星载信号处理平台结构，分析了这种结构在抵抗辐射效应时的优势。有关FPGA抗辐射的可靠性设计方法已经在某卫星通信载道中成功应用，并通过了各种卫星环境试验，该技术可以为有关航天电子设备设计提供参考。     

单粒子锁定极端敏感器件的试验及对我国航天安全的警示

随着半导体特征工艺尺寸减小、集成度提高,静态存储器(SRAM)对单粒子锁定呈现出极其敏感的现象和趋势,为此国际航天界开展了大量的试验评估工作,剔除和杜绝了一些极端敏感器件在空间的应用.结合国内外空间应用背景,文章利用脉冲激光实验装置和重离子加速器,分别对三星公司新旧两种型号的4 M位SRAM芯片进行了单粒子锁定试验评估.试验测得两型号芯片的单粒子锁定阈值差异巨大,新型号芯片的锁定阈值低于1.5MeV·cm2/mg,而老型号芯片的锁定阈值高于39.6MeV·cm2/mg.这种对单粒子锁定极端敏感的芯片若应用于空间,将会发生0.008～0.04次/天的频繁锁定事件,极大地威胁航天器的安全和可靠.为应对这种单粒子锁定极端敏感的现象和趋势,提出了加强我国航天产品设计、元器件采购、筛选、试验等的规范、技术和条件的建议.     

多无人机协同导航技术研究现状及进展

UAV是无人驾驶飞机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)的简称,无人机相较于有人驾驶飞机具有用途广泛、成本低和生存能力强等特点,在军事民用领域都有着广阔的前景,受到了国内外研究者的关注。协同导航技术极大地扩展了无人机的应用范围,提高了多无人机定位的精度以及无人机编队的稳定性、安全性和可靠性。现阶段协同导航技术在编队导航、目标监测与跟踪等诸多方面都得到了研究与应用。从四个层次对协同导航的研究现状和进展进行探讨:首先是对多无人机协同导航的概念、基本原理、国内外发展现状和必要性进行阐述;其次对协同导航中相对导航方式进行了分类分析,并分别介绍了无线电导航与视觉导航的原理、优缺点和应用场景;然后从导航目的、协同导航优化算法、滤波方法、协同导航信息融合容错策略几个方面对协同导航进行分析归纳;最后,讨论了基于多无人机协同导航未来的发展趋势。     

空间辐射环境单粒子效应研究

文章介绍了空间辐射环境对航天器电子元器件产生的单粒子效应的国内外研究情况,从环境模拟方法、模拟试验设备、单粒子效应及防护以及飞行试验等方面进行了分析比较。文章对国内研究发展提出了一些建设性的建议。     

GNSS reflectometry and remote sensing: New objectives and results

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been a very powerful and important contributor to all scientific questions related to precise positioning on Earth’s surface, particularly as a mature technique in geodesy and geosciences. With the development of GNSS as a satellite microwave (L-band) technique, more and wider applications and new potentials are explored and utilized. The versatile and available GNSS signals can image the Earth’s surface environments as a new, highly precise, continuous, all-weather and near-real-time remote sensing tool. The refracted signals from GNSS radio occultation satellites together with ground GNSS observations can provide the high-resolution tropospheric water vapor, temperature and pressure, tropopause parameters and ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and electron density profile as well. The GNSS reflected signals from the ocean and land surface could determine the ocean height, wind speed and wind direction of ocean surface, soil moisture, ice and snow thickness. In this paper, GNSS remote sensing applications in the atmosphere, oceans, land and hydrology are presented as well as new objectives and results discussed.     

Multiple-site investigation of the properties of an HF radio channel and the ionosphere using Digital Radio Mondiale broadcasting

The Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), one of the new digital radio broadcasting standards, has been designed to overcome typical short wave radio channel difficulties, such as the multipath propagation and fast temporal changes of the received signal level, both related to the properties of the ionosphere along the path of propagation. In particular, some of the RF carriers used in the applied COFDM transmission technique serve to estimate the current state of the radio channel to enable the proper demodulation of the received signal.We have been detecting such RF carriers on select frequency channels (standard DRM broadcast) using a network of recording stations located in different parts of Poland in order to collect data on the HF radio channel. We have been also evaluating the usefulness of this procedure in providing information on the current state of the ionosphere in the refraction region between the transmitter and receivers. When the DRM system becomes more widespread, this method can supplement data that comes from the ionosondes, since it does not require much financial resources and the receivers can be easily scattered over a large area. This paper presents a set of experimental data and its analysis.     

Temperature comparison between CHAMP radio occultation and TIMED/SABER measurements in the lower stratosphere

Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver on the CHAllenging Mini-satellite Payload (CHAMP) and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, one of four on board the TIMED satellite, provide middle atmosphere temperature profiles by Radio Occultation (RO) and limb viewing infrared emission measurements, respectively. These temperature profiles retrieved by two different techniques in the stratosphere are compared with each other using more than 1300 correlative profiles in March, September and December 2005. The over-all mean differences averaged over 15 and 35 km are approximately −2 K and standard deviation is less than 3 K. Below 20 km of altitude, relatively small mean temperature differences ∼1 K are observed in wide latitudinal range except for June (during the SABER nighttime observation). In the middle to low latitudes, between 30°S and 30°N, the temperature difference increases with height from ∼0–1 K at 15 km, to ∼−4 K at 35 km of altitude. Large temperature differences about −4 to −6 K are observed between 60°S and 30°N and 31–35 km of altitude for all months and between 0° and 30°N below 16 km during June (nighttime).     

Coronal radio-sounding detection of a CME during the 1997 Galileo solar conjunction

Frequency fluctuations of the Galileo S-band radio signal were recorded nearly continuously during the spacecraft’s solar conjunction from December 1996 to February 1997. A strong propagating disturbance, most probably associated with a coronal mass ejection (CME), was detected on 7 February when the radio ray path proximate point was on the west solar limb at about 54 solar radii from the Sun. The CME passage through the line of sight is characterized by a significant increase in the fluctuation intensity of the recorded frequency and by an increase in the plasma speed from about 234 km s⁻¹ up to about 755 km s⁻¹. These velocity estimates are obtained from a correlation analysis of frequency fluctuations recorded simultaneously at two widely-separated ground stations. The density turbulence power spectrum is found to steepen behind the CME front. The Galileo radio-sounding data are compared with SOHO/LASCO observations of the CME in the corona and with WIND spacecraft data near the Earth’s orbit.     

A discrete event systems approach to discriminating intermittent from permanent faults

Almost all work on model-based diagnosis （MBD） potentially presumes faults are per- sistent and does not take intermittent faults （IFs） into account. Therefore, it is common for diag- nosis systems to misjudge IFs as permanent faults （PFs）, which are the major cause of the problems of false alarms, cannot duplication and no fault found in aircraft avionics. To address this problem, a new fault model which includes PFs and IFs is presented based on discrete event systems （DESs）. Thereafter, an approach is given to discriminate between PFs and IFs by diagnosing the current fault. In this paper, the regulations of （PFs and IFs） fault evolution through fault and reset events along the traces of system are studied, and then label propagation function is modified to account for PFs and the dynamic behavior of IFs and diagnosability of PFs and IFs are defined. Finally, illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the proposed approach, and the analysis results show the fault types can be discriminated within bounded delay if the system is diagnosable.     

One-to-one relationship between low latitude whistlers and conjugate source lightning discharges and their propagation characteristics

One-to-one relation with its causative lightning discharges and propagation features of night-time whistlers recorded at low-latitude station, Allahabad (geomag. lat. 16.05°N, L = 1.08), India, from continuous observations made during 1–7 April, 2011 have been studied. The whistler observations were made using the Automatic Whistler Detector (AWD) system and AWESOME VLF receiver. The causative lightning strikes of whistlers were checked in data provided by World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). A total of 32 whistlers were observed out of which 23 were correlated with their causative lightnings in and around the conjugate location (geom. lat. 9.87°S) of Allahabad. A multi-flash whistler is also observed on 1 April with dispersions 15.3, 17.5 and 13.6 s^1/2. About 70% (23 out of 32) whistlers were correlated with the WWLLN detected causative lightnings in the conjugate region which supports the ducted mode of propagation at low latitude. The multi-flash and short whistlers also propagated most likely in the ducted mode to this station.