Evaluation of a combined electrostatic and magnetostatic configuration for active space-radiation shielding

Developing successful and optimal solutions to mitigating the hazards of severe space radiation in deep space long duration missions is critical for the success of deep-space explorations. A recent report (Tripathi et al., 2008) had explored the feasibility of using electrostatic shielding. Here, we continue to extend the electrostatic shielding strategy and examine a hybrid configuration that utilizes both electrostatic and magnetostatic fields. The main advantages of this system are shown to be: (i) a much better shielding and repulsion of incident ions from both solar particle events (SPE) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR), (ii) reductions in the power requirement for re-charging the electrostatic sub-system, and (iii) low requirements of the magnetic fields that are well below the thresholds set for health and safety for long-term exposures. Furthermore, our results show transmission levels reduced to levels as low as 30% for energies around 1000 MeV, and near total elimination of SPE radiation by these hybrid configurations. It is also shown that the power needed to replenish the electrostatic charges due to particle hits from the GCR and SPE radiation is minimal.     

不等温空腔的有效发射率计算

采用Monte-Carlo法对不等温空腔的有效发射率进行计算分析,讨论了腔壁的不等温性、材料的光谱发射率和方向发射率对法向有效发射率的影响,为黑体辐射源的设计提供了理论计算依据。     

辐射带高能电子通量波动与地磁暴警报

地球磁场捕获带电粒子形成辐射带,地磁场的扰动将导致带电粒子通量的变化.根据磁暴期间外辐射带高能电子通量起伏和波动的特点及规律,利用GOES卫星实时发布的5min分辨率高能电子微分通量数据,构建了高能电子通量波动指数,并分析了该指数与地磁活动的关系.结果表明,所提出的高能电子通量波动指数与地磁事件有很好的相关性,能起到地磁暴发生的指示剂作用,相对于目前空间环境业务化预报过程中广泛使用的3hKp指数,高能电子通量波动指数能更早地警报地磁暴的发生,是潜在有效的地磁暴警报辅助手段,能为空间环境预报中的地磁暴实时警报提供重要参考.     

RF communications subsystem for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission

The NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission, currently in Phase B, is a two-spacecraft, Earth-orbiting mission, which will launch in 2012. The spacecraft's S-band radio frequency (RF) telecommunications subsystem has three primary functions: provide spacecraft command capability, provide spacecraft telemetry and science data return, and provide accurate Doppler data for navigation. The primary communications link to the ground is via the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory's (JHU/APL) 18 m dish, with secondary links to the NASA 13 m Ground Network and the Tracking and Data Relay Spacecraft System (TDRSS) in single-access mode. The on-board RF subsystem features the APL-built coherent transceiver and in-house builds of a solid-state power amplifier and conical bifilar helix broad-beam antennas. The coherent transceiver provides coherency digitally, and controls the downlink data rate and encoding within its field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The transceiver also provides a critical command decoder (CCD) function, which is used to protect against box-level upsets in the C&DH subsystem. Because RBSP is a spin-stabilized mission, the antennas must be symmetric about the spin axis. Two broad-beam antennas point along both ends of the spin axis, providing communication coverage from boresight to 70°. An RF splitter excites both antennas; therefore, the mission is designed such that no communications are required close to 90° from the spin axis due to the interferometer effect from the two antennas. To maximize the total downlink volume from the spacecraft, the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) has been baselined for the RBSP mission. During real-time ground contacts with the APL ground station, downlinked files are checked for errors. Handshaking between flight and ground CFDP software results in requests to retransmit only the file fragments lost due to dropouts. This allows minimization of RF link margins, thereby maximizing data rate and thus data volume.     

地球磁层中合声波的频率与传播角分布特征

合声波的频率和传播角是影响其与电子相互作用的关键参数. 2013年1月1日至2015年12月31日期间范艾伦卫星数据的统计分析结果表明, 在传播角θ≈35°处, 较强的合声波(>7×10^–4 mV²·m^–2·Hz^–1)更倾向于出现在更窄的频率范围(0.3～0.4 f_ce). 随着磁壳数L的增大, θ≈35°处的合声波频谱变窄趋势逐渐明显. 从夜侧到晨侧(21:00 MLT－09:00 MLT), 较强的合声波能够在0.1～0.8 f_ce的频率范围内被观测到, 但夜侧θ≈35°处的合声波频谱宽度比晨侧更窄. 从上午到昏侧(09:00 MLT－21:00 MLT), 合声波电场功率谱密度明显降低, 且主要以斜传播(θ>60°)的下带合声波为主. 随着磁纬度λ_MLAT的增大, 上带合声波迅速减弱. 同时, θ≈35°处的下带合声波电场功率谱密度也逐渐下降. 本文揭示了不同区域内合声波强度的频率和传播角分布特征, 为构建更加精确的合声波–电子相互作用全球模型提供了重要信息.     

固定容差参数的阵列天线方向图综合法

研究了设计参数具有固定容差的阵列天线方向图综合法;给出了阵列天线方向图容差优化的数学模型;提出了求解容差优化最坏情况问题的离散化方法;建立了直线阵列天线容差区内误差任意分布的物理模型,并采用修正正多面体优化方法对激励幅度具有容差的侧射天线阵进行了综合。当设计参数偏离其标称值时,文中的综合方法可以使天线性能的偏差最小。     

椭圆截面喷管排气辐射热流数值分析

文中对直升机红外抑制器椭圆截面喷管排气的辐射热流进行数值分析,并预估排气温度分布、速度和燃气成分分布对辐射热流的影响。为了计算辐射热流和考虑尾焰对周围环境的传热,采用形式简单并可用通用方程计算程序计算的六热流辐射模型。由于排气流场内温度和密度变化较大,故紊流模型采用考虑密度变化的修正双方程k-ε模型。本文中所用的比热C_(pm)是随气流温度和成分而变化,温度用迭代法求得。喷管出口截面为椭圆形,排气为三元自由射流,控制方程为三元抛物形偏微分方程,可采用前进积分求解,这样既可满足计算精度要求,又可节省机时。并根据三元喷流周向边界条件周期性变化的特点,采用CTDMA解法。计算结果与试验结果基本一致,说明本计算方法是可行的。     

Spectra and time variability of black-hole binaries in the low/hard state

We propose a jet model for the low/hard state of galactic black-hole X-ray sources which explains the energy spectra from radio to X-rays and a number of timing properties in the X-ray domain such as the time lag spectra, the hardening of the power density spectra and the narrowing of the autocorrelation function with increasing photon energy. The model assumes that (i) there is a magnetic field along the axis of the jet, (ii) the electron density in the jet drops inversely proportional to distance, (iii) the jet is “hotter” near its center than at its periphery, and (iv) the electrons in the jet follow a power-law distribution function. We have performed Monte Carlo simulations of Compton upscattering of soft photons from the accretion disk and have found power-law high-energy spectra with photon-number index in the range 1.5–2 and cutoff at a few hundred keV, power-law time lags versus Fourier frequency with index 0.8, and an increase of the rms amplitude of variability and a narrowing of the autocorrelation function with increasing photon energy as they have been observed in Cygnus X-1. The spectrum at long wavelengths (radio, infrared, optical) is modeled to come from synchrotron radiation of the energetic electrons in the jet. We find flat to inverted radio spectra that extend from the radio up to about the optical band. For magnetic field strengths of the order 10⁵–10⁶ G at the base of the jet, the calculated spectra agree well in slope and flux with the observations.     

卫星天线辐射方向图的计算

利用几何绕射理论分析了卫星星体和太阳翼对卫星天线辐射场的影响 ,建立了一套以数值分析和仿真技术为主的卫星天线辐射场的预估方法 ,克服了传统设计与测量技术难于解决的问题。给出了一些数值计算验证 ,并结合型号设计 ,进行了实验验证。验证结果表明文中所作的理论分析和在此基础上开发的仿真算法和软件是可靠有效的。