隔热层厚度和数量对太空多层光学窗口温度分布的影响

 航天器上常安装有用于科学观察的多层光学窗口,其温度分布的均匀性会影响成像质量。运用射线踪迹-节点分析法的任意多层镜反射辐射与导热耦合换热模型,研究了隔热层厚度及数量对太空中多层光学窗口温度分布的影响。光学窗口的吸收系数、折射率随波长的变化用一组矩形谱带来近似。研究显示太空中热辐射在光学窗口的冷却过程中起着非常重要的作用,在离玻璃层表面附近很薄的一层玻璃介质内,辐射与导热存在强烈的耦合作用。隔热层厚度越薄,其内的温度分布越均匀,有利于提高成像质量。隔热层数量越多,光学窗口各层玻璃的温度分布越均匀,有利于提高成像质量,但是隔热层最佳数量的确定还需综合考虑其它因素。     

气动加热下光学窗口传热特性的数值模拟

针对气动加热条件下光学窗口辐射导热耦合传热开展研究,以了解光学窗口的热辐射发射规律及热防护性能。采用有限体积法、蒙特卡罗法、谱带模型建立了具有镜反射界面的光学窗口辐射传输及辐射导热耦合传热计算模型,对具有两层SiO2玻璃的光学窗口传热特性进行了模拟。结果表明处于高温区玻璃向外发射热辐射,低温区玻璃吸收热辐射;除了加热面附近外的玻璃区域,辐射热流密度远大于导热热流密度,在2.9～4.2μm谱带内的辐射热流密度大于0.4～2.9μm谱带内的;在0.4～2.9μm谱带内,可见光波长内的出射辐射热流密度最小,中红外波长范围内出射辐射热流密度最大。在光学窗口总厚度一定的情况下,降低玻璃层厚度和玻璃夹层气体热导率能够有效降低光学窗口非加热面稳态温度。     

具有特殊方向图的小型化锥面共形微带天线阵

文章研究了具有特殊方向图的小型化锥面共形微带天线阵的设计方法,讨论了实现天线小型化的方法,调整了矩形微带贴片的辐射模式,使其能够实现天线垂直面方向图偏向共形体的底部,研制了天线样机,并对天线样机进行了测量。测量结果表明此微带天线阵具有很好的共形及小型化特性,并且实现了天线的辐射方向图向共形体的底部的偏置。     

常规靶场光学辐射测量及其大气效应校正

简要介绍了光学辐射测量的理论以及辐射测量在常规靶场武器试验中的一些应用,常规靶场常见目标的光学辐射特征、主要测量参数及意义。论述了红外辐射计校准的意义、校正的方法以及仪器选购需注意的几个问题。还讨论了辐射测量中大气效应校正的重要作用和方法,以及相关的软件。     

Spectral characteristics of electron fluxes at L < 2 under the Radiation Belts

The paper presents the analysis of experimental data on electron fluxes with energies 10 keV–10 MeV. Data were obtained during 1978–2005 years in different space experiments (COSMOS-900, MIR Space Station, ACTIVE, SAMPEX, CORONAS-I, CORONAS-F, NOAA POES-17, TATYANA and others). Two areas of electron flux enhancements are studied in the paper: the near-equatorial (L < 1.2) zone and the middle-latitude (1.2 < L < 1.9) zone. It is shown that electron flux enhancements are regularly registered at L < 2 and the observed formations have some typical features. Electron peaks at L < 1.2 appear sporadically while peaks at 1.2 < L < 1.9 are observed regularly. The approximations of spectra by several functions including kappa-function are presented.     

固定发射率辐射温度计校准中的温度修正计算方法

主要对固定发射率的辐射温度计在校准时如何进行发射率偏差引起的温度修正值的计算方法进行了讨论。针对一般的修正计算涉及到在工作波段内对Planck公式进行复杂的积分运算,提出了引入有效波长的处理方法,大大简化了修正计算过程。在用有效波长对较宽波段(例如8μm~14μm)进行处理时发现,对于宽波段,同样也存在着一个有效波长,用该有效波长替代复杂的波段积分计算,可以使得对该波段的研究计算简化。采用有效波长的处理方法与积分处理方法相比较,处理结果符合性很好,证明了引入有效波长概念的处理方法是正确的。     

Active shielding for long duration interplanetary manned missions

For long duration interplanetary manned missions the protection of astronauts from cosmic radiation is an unavoidable problem that has been considered by many space agencies. In Europe, during 2002–2004, the European Space Agency supported two research programs on this thematic: one was the constitution of a dedicated study group (on the thematic ‘Shielding from cosmic radiation for interplanetary missions: active and passive methods’) in the framework of the ‘life and physical sciences’ report, and the other an industrial study concerning the ‘radiation exposure and mission strategies for interplanetary manned missions to Moon and Mars’. Both programs concluded that, outside the protection of the magnetosphere and in the presence of the most intense and energetic solar events, the protection cannot rely solely on the mechanical structures of the spacecraft, but a temporary shelter must be provided. Because of the limited mass budget, the shelter should be based on the use of superconducting magnetic systems. For long duration missions the astronauts must be protected from the much more energetic galactic cosmic rays during the whole mission period. This requires the protection of a large habitat where they could live and work, and not the temporary protection of a small volume shelter. With passive absorbers unable to play any significant role, the use of active shielding is mandatory. The possibilities offered by superconducting magnets are discussed, and recommendations are made about the needed R&D. The technical developments that have occurred in the meanwhile and the evolving panorama of possible near future interplanetary missions, require revising the pioneering studies of the last decades and the adoption of a strategy that considers long lasting human permanence in ‘deep’ space, moreover not only for a relatively small number of dedicated astronauts but also for citizens conducting there ‘normal’ activities.     

Testing the blast wave model with Swift GRBs

The complex structure of the light curves of Swift GRBs (e.g. superimposed flares and shallow decay) has made their interpretation and that of the blast wave caused by the burst, more difficult than in the pre-Swift era. We aim to constrain the blast wave parameters: electron energy distribution, p, density profile of the circumburst medium, k, and the continued energy injection index, q. We do so by comparing the observed multi-wavelength light curves and X-ray spectra of a Swift sample to the predictions of the blast wave model.     

空间带电粒子辐照效应的地面加速试验研究

空间带电粒子辐照下空间材料的损伤与失效是空间材料学研究的重要组成内容,地面模拟加速试验是研究材料辐照损伤效应的重要方法和技术途径。文章阐述了地面辐照加速试验的方法及相关概念,以光学石英玻璃为例验证辐照加速试验与模拟等效区间的概念,为当前研究材料在空间带电粒子辐照环境条件下的行为与航天器设计、选材提供科学依据。