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61.
K. Clark J. Boldt R. Greeley K. Hand I. Jun R. Lock R. Pappalardo T. Van Houten T. Yan 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander. 相似文献
62.
Myung-Hee Y. Kim Matthew J. Hayat Alan H. Feiveson Francis A. Cucinotta 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ30) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ60) and above 100 MeV (Φ100) as predictors instead of Φ30. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ30,Φ60, or Φ100), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ60 and Φ100 have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ30. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions. 相似文献
63.
M. Durante L. Manti 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
The main long-term objective of the space exploration program is the colonization of the planets of the Solar System. The high cosmic radiation equivalent dose rate represents an inescapable problem for the safe establishment of permanent human settlements on these planets. The unshielded equivalent dose rate on Mars ranges between 100 and 200 mSv/year, depending on the Solar cycle and altitude, and can reach values as high as 360 mSv/year on the Moon. The average annual effective dose on Earth is about 3 mSv, nearly 85% of which comes from natural background radiation, reduced to less than 1 mSv if man-made sources and the internal exposure to Rn daughters are excluded. However, some areas on Earth display anomalously high levels of background radiation, as is the case with thorium-rich monazite bearing sand deposits where values 200–400 times higher than the world average can be found. About 2% of the world’s population live above 3 km and receive a disproportionate 10% of the annual effective collective dose due to cosmic radiation, with a net contribution to effective dose by the neutron component which is 3–4 fold that at sea level. Thus far, epidemiological studies have failed to show any adverse health effects in the populations living in these terrestrial high-background radiation areas (HBRA), which provide an unique opportunity to study the health implications of an environment that, as closely as possibly achievable on Earth, resembles the chronic exposure of future space colonists to higher-than-normal levels of ionizing radiation. Chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from the HBRA residents have been measured in several studies because chromosomal damage represents an early biomarker of cancer risk. Similar cytogenetic studies have been recently performed in a cohort of astronauts involved in single or repeated space flights over many years. The cytogenetic findings in populations exposed to high dose-rate background radiation on Earth or in space will be discussed. 相似文献
64.
S. Valk A. Lemaître 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,42(8):1429-1443
This paper investigates the long-term perturbations of the orbits of geosynchronous space debris influenced by direct radiation pressure including the Earth’s shadowing effects. For this purpose, we propose an extension of our homemade semi-analytical theory [Valk, S., Lemaître, A., Deleflie, F. Semi-analytical theory of mean orbital motion for geosynchronous space debris under gravitational influence. Adv. Space Res., submitted for publication], based on the method developed by Aksnes [Aksnes, K. Short-period and long-period perturbations of a spherical satellite due to direct solar radiation. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 13, 89–104, 1976] and generalized into a more convenient non-singular formalism. The perturbations accounting for the direct radiation pressure with the Earth’s shadow are computed on a revolution-by-revolution basis, retaining the original osculating Hamiltonian disturbing function. In this framework, we compute the non-singular mean longitude at shadow entry and shadow exit at every orbital revolution in opposition to classical approaches where the singular eccentric anomalies at shadow entry and shadow exit are computed. This new algorithm is developed using non-singular variables. Consequently, it is particularly suitable for both near-circular and near-equatorial orbits as well as orbits which transit periodically around null eccentricities and null inclinations.The algorithm is tested by means of numerical integrations of the equations, averaged over the short periods, including radiation pressure, J2, the combined Moon and Sun third body attraction as well as the long-term effects of the 1:1 resonance occurring for geosynchronous objects. As an extension of [Valk, S., Lemaître, A., Anselmo, L. Analytical and semi-analytical investigations of geosynchronous space debris with high area-to-mass ratios influenced by solar radiation pressure. Adv. Space Res., doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.10.025, 2007b], we especially apply our analysis to space debris with area-to-mass as high as 20 m2/kg. This paper provides numerical and semi-analytical investigations leading to a deep understanding of the long-term evolution of the semi-major axis. Finally, these semi-analytical investigations are compared with accurate numerical integrations of the osculating equations of motion over time scales as high as 25 years. 相似文献
65.
卫星天线辐射方向图的计算 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用几何绕射理论分析了卫星星体和太阳翼对卫星天线辐射场的影响 ,建立了一套以数值分析和仿真技术为主的卫星天线辐射场的预估方法 ,克服了传统设计与测量技术难于解决的问题。给出了一些数值计算验证 ,并结合型号设计 ,进行了实验验证。验证结果表明文中所作的理论分析和在此基础上开发的仿真算法和软件是可靠有效的。 相似文献
66.
67.
The energy state of a planet depends fundamentally on its radiation budget. Measurements made from space over past decades
have led to significant revisions of ground-based estimates, both of the reflected fraction (the Bond albedo) of solar radiative
flux and of the emitted thermal infrared radiation flux, for the Earth as well as for the other planets. After a brief survey
of methods and difficulties in accurately determining planetary radiation budgets, we note contradictions in existing tabulations
of global parameters, in particular Bond albedo. For the Earth, such contradictions are unjustified, considering that global
and annual means as well as the seasonal cycle of Earth Radiation Budget components have now been determined with high accuracy.
The Earth's Bond albedo is close to 0.3. Net storage of energy in the Earth-ocean system is close to zero, with a well-established
annual cycle of amplitude close to ±12 Wm−2. Some contradictions remain for the other terrestrial planets. For the giant planets, modern reduced values of the Bond albedo
imply reduced but still significant internal energy generation. 相似文献
68.
静止图象的多值分块编码 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文在分析二值分块编码分块效应的基础上,提出了一种新的多值分块编码方法。理论分析与实验结果均表明该方法使编码图象的分块失真减小到几乎不能察觉,输出码率降低到1.36比特/象素左右,而且文中提出的分类算法十分简便。 相似文献
69.
FY-2C星多通道扫描辐射计及其在轨运行 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
介绍了风云二号(FY-2)C静止气象卫星多通道扫描辐射计的性能、组成和工作原理,以及为适应将3通道改为5通道而完成的5通道焦平面、光学系统、结构、电子学、红外探测器、辐射致冷器、光学薄膜和第二扫描结构等主要设计改进.卫星的在轨测试和运行结果表明,C星扫描辐射计在第一代自旋静止气象卫星上实现了包括中波红外的5通道同时对地观测,图像质量总体优于同类GMS5,METEOSAT-5静止气象卫星,与目前应用的GOES9三轴稳定静止气象卫星基本相当. 相似文献
70.