用蒙特卡罗方法研究质子在航天器内部充电中的作用

介绍了航天器内部充电的基本物理机制, 重点研究了质子在内部充电中的作用. 用蒙特卡罗方法模拟质子在介质中的输运过程, 计算了简化的平板介质在一定通量的粒子环境中的内部充电情况. 结果表明, 介质内部最大电场与入射质子能量有关, 当质子能量达到14 MeV时候, 内部电场最强; 当质子与电子的入射数目相同, 并且材料参数一样时, 质子产生的最大电场大于电子产生的最大电场. 选取2004年7月26日TC-2卫星姿控分系统故障前的质子和电子通量数据, 分别计算了二者可能引起的内部最大电场. 计算结果表明,质子产生的最大电场比电子产生的最大电场小2~4个数量级, 并且远小于击穿电场; 在某些极端情况下, 例如质子产生的电场和电子产生的电场方向一致的时候, 电场的叠加会使局地电场得到加强.      

防原子氧与抗辐射环境薄膜性能研究

金属氧化物薄膜具有良好的光学,电学特性,因此是卫星表面热控材料防静电积累的重要材料之一。实验研究发现这些金属氧化物薄膜还是具有优良的防原子氧和抗空间辐照环境的能力,而且这种能力与成膜方法及工艺过程直接相关。经模拟原子氧环境的氧等离子体作用后,溅射镀氧化锡样品的质损明显小于蒸镀氧化铟锡薄膜的质损,而氧化铟锡薄膜的质损又小于未镀薄膜试样质损。     

Ionospheric response to solar and magnetospheric protons during January 15–22, 2005: EAGLE whole atmosphere model results

We present an analysis of the ionosphere and thermosphere response to Solar Proton Events (SPE) and magnetospheric proton precipitation in January 2005, which was carried out using the model of the entire atmosphere EAGLE. The ionization rates for the considered period were acquired from the AIMOS (Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück) dataset. For numerical experiments, we applied only the proton-induced ionization rates of that period, while all the other model input parameters, including the electron precipitations, corresponded to the quiet conditions. In January 2005, two major solar proton events with different energy spectra and proton fluxes occurred on January 17 and January 20. Since two geomagnetic storms and several sub-storms took place during the considered period, not only solar protons but also less energetic magnetospheric protons contributed to the calculated ionization rates. Despite the relative transparency of the thermosphere for high-energy protons, an ionospheric response to the SPE and proton precipitation from the magnetotail was obtained in numerical experiments. In the ionospheric E layer, the maximum increase in the electron concentration is localized at high latitudes, and at heights of the ionospheric F2 layer, the positive perturbations were formed in the near-equatorial region. An analysis of the model-derived results showed that changes in the ionospheric F2 layer were caused by a change in the neutral composition of the thermosphere. We found that in the recovery phase after both solar proton events and the enhancement of magnetospheric proton precipitations associated with geomagnetic disturbances, the TEC and electron density in the F region and in topside ionosphere/plasmasphere increase at low- and mid-latitudes due to an enhancement of atomic oxygen concentration. Our results demonstrate an important role of magnetospheric protons in the formation of negative F-region ionospheric storms. According to our results, the topside ionosphere/plasmasphere and bottom-side ionosphere can react to solar and magnetospheric protons both with the same sign of disturbances or in different way. The same statement is true for TEC and foF2 disturbances. Different disturbances of foF2 and TEC at high and low latitudes can be explained by topside electron temperature disturbances.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on hyperthermal composting microorganisms for feasible application in space

The composting system is the most efficient method for processing organic waste in space; however, the composting activity of microorganisms can be altered by cosmic rays. In this study, the effect of ionizing irradiation on composting bacteria was investigated. Sequence analyses of amplified 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and amoA genes were used to identify hyperthermal composting microorganisms. The viability of microorganisms in compost soil after gamma irradiation was directly determined using LIVE/DEAD BacLight viability kit. The dominant bacterial genera were Weissella cibaria and Leuconostoc sp., and the fungal genera were Metschnikowia bicuspidata and Pichia guilliermondii. Gamma irradiation up to a dose of 10 kGy did not significantly alter the microbial population. Furthermore, amylase and cellulase activities were maintained after high-dose gamma irradiation. Our results show that hyperthermal microorganisms can be used to recycle agricultural and fermented material in space stations and other human-inhabiting facilities on the Moon, Mars, and other planets.     

紫外辐照下透明聚氨酯胶片老化机理

针对高端夹层玻璃的老化问题,选用荧光紫外灯,对其主要粘结材料——透明聚氨酯胶片分别进行0/200/300/500 h的照射,借助紫外/可见光分光光度计、傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电镜等设备,研究照射过程中材料颜色、结构、微观形貌的变化。扫描电镜显示照射时间延长到500 h,材料表面出现龟裂。实验发现胶片的老化起始于硬段及软段部位与N,O相连的α位置的碳原子,在紫外光及氧气的联合作用下产生氢过氧化物;该过氧化合物一部分继续氧化成CO,一部分通过β分裂,使C—N,C—O键断裂,致使材料龟裂。     

三种类型的质子耀斑

根据SMM卫星观测资料,分析了GRL,PE和GRL/PE三种类型质子耀斑在硬X射线辐射特征上的差异。结果表明,存在的差异与粒子加速区(或作用区)分别处于不同的日面高度有关。      

卫星用粒子探测系统

设计了一个卫星用电子和质子探测系统,电子和质子能量范围各为0.5～4MeV 和5～60MeV。系统具有质量轻、功耗低及可靠性高特点。     

介质带电平衡模式的二次电子发射暂态特性

针对空间微放电效应中介质材料的带电状态对二次电子发射的复杂影响,文章采用数值模拟的方法,首次从带电平衡模式的角度研究了介质材料受电子照射后的二次电子动态发射特性。数值模拟模型结合了蒙特卡罗方法和时域有限差分方法,考虑了弹性和非弹性碰撞的电子散射过程,以及迁移、扩散和捕获等作用的电荷输运过程。通过对带电状态平衡模式的划分,研究了介质二次电子发射及带电状态的暂态变化、微观分布、稳态特性。研究结果表明：介质表面的带电过程可以根据介质表面电流的变化程度分为二次电子平衡模式、泄漏电流平衡模式及共同模式;二次电子平衡模式下样品呈现表面带电状态,而泄漏电流模式下呈现深层带电状态。泄漏电流平衡模式转向二次电子平衡模式过程中,稳态二次电子产额增加,表面负电位增强;总电荷量和平衡时间常数由于平衡模式的改变呈现相反的变化趋势。研究方法和结果有助于介质二次电子的机理研究和微放电效应的工程抑制技术。     

航天器用Parylene-C涂覆材料空间辐照适用性研究

派瑞林（Parylene）薄膜主要用于功率电刷的三防,确保电功率的稳定传输。本文对两种规格（17和27 μm）Parylene薄膜的厚度、热性能、绝缘性能、在铍青铜上的附着性能以及耐空间辐照性进行了研究。结果表明：通过真空气相沉积法制备的Parylene-C涂覆材料厚度误差可控在2 μm内;膜层在铍青铜上的附着力等级为1级,薄膜热分解温度为453 ℃,两种厚度薄膜击穿电压分别为3.65 kV（17 μm）和5.27 kV（27 μm）;经2.5×10¹⁵ p/cm²质子辐照后,膜层外观均完好,附着性能、热性能、绝缘性能仍满足工程使用需求;经2.5×10¹⁶ e/cm²电子辐照后,膜层出现严重开裂、起皮现象。对电子辐照前后膜层的热性能、红外结构等进行了进一步的研究,分析了电子辐照后膜层的失效机理并获得了Parylene-C涂覆材料膜层耐空间电子辐照上限为1×10¹⁴ e/cm²。     

低能质子对卫星热控涂层太阳吸收率的影响

空间低能质子由于沉积能量在表层对卫星外露热控涂层太阳吸收率参数有较大影响,文章首次对地球同步轨道卫星6种热控涂层进行低能质子辐照试验研究,试件是S781有机白漆、SR107-ZK有机白漆、ACR-1有机白漆、OSR二次表面镜、F46二次表面镜和Kapton二次表面镜。试验采用能量48keV的质子,在真空条件下累积辐照360h,累计注量达到2×10~(15)p/cm~2。在辐照过程中原位测量热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数。这些热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数都有不同程度的明显上升。其中,有机白漆类热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数上升最快,其次是塑料薄膜类热控涂层(F46二次表面镜和Kapton二次表面镜),最稳定的是玻璃类热控涂层(OSR二次表面镜)。对试验前后试件的SEM分析和XPS分析表明,热控涂层中的颜料结构和聚合物结构在辐照下发生变化,形成不饱和链发色团和色心,使原来透明聚合物和高反射的颜料对太阳光产生吸收,从而引起热控涂层太阳吸收率参数上升。