富氢燃气旋转爆轰波传播特性实验研究

为研究富氢燃气旋转爆轰波传播特性,利用氢气与氧气预燃烧产生的富氢燃气作为燃料,空气为氧化剂,开展了旋转爆轰实验研究。对富氢燃气旋转爆轰压力变化、时频特性及传播速度等参数进行了分析,研究了不同传播模态下富氢燃气旋转爆轰波传播特性。研究表明：本文实验条件下,富氢燃气与空气旋转爆轰的传播模态主要受当量比影响,当量比高于1.06时呈现单波模态,随着当量比减小,旋转爆轰波呈现单波-双波过渡模态,即同一工况下,单波模态和双波模态交替出现,当量比减小到0.68左右时,基本呈现复杂的双波模态;在270 g/s的空气流量下,当量比增大,旋转爆轰波在环形燃烧室内的传播速度随之提高,但当量比到达临界点以后,传播速度提高不明显;在相同当量比下,当空气流量增大到370 g/s 时,旋转爆轰波的传播速度会进一步提高;空气流量越大,临界点对应的当量比越低,其中270 g/s空气流量对应临界当量比为1.32,370 g/s空气流量对应临界当量比1.16;达到临界当量比以后,传播速度受当量比和空气流量影响不大。     

Case studies of height structure of TID propagation characteristics using cross-correlation analysis of incoherent scatter radar and DPS-4 ionosonde data

The height structure of TID characteristics is studied on the base of the electron density profiles measured by two beams of the incoherent scatter radar and DPS-4 ionosonde. The height profiles of the TID propagation characteristics are obtained by means of cross-correlation and spectrum analysis of the radar and ionosonde data. The noticeable height variability of the TID parameters is observed. The variability is explained by interference of several TIDs. The obtained TID propagation characteristics are compared with known results of the TID studies.     

Multi-beam sounding ionograms in the polar cap region: Absorption induced by proton precipitations

The simulation of the multi-beam ionograms in the polar cap region, assessing absorption effect is performed. It is reasonable to distinguish among four different mechanisms responsible for absorption: regular absorption due to solar UV illumination, absorption associated with energetic particles precipitation, absorption connected with X-rays flare and additional absorption in Auroral oval area. In this paper the absorption attributed to proton precipitations is envisaged. The computational model of the high-latitude ionosphere with irregularities oriented to application for the high frequency wave propagation problem was elaborated (Zaalov et al., 2005). A number of the quasi-vertical ionograms in the polar cap region were simulated on the basis of this model. A well-known algorithm (Sauer and Wilkinson, 2008) is applied for the absorption effects calculation. The simulated high-latitude ionograms with the absorption effect and the measured ionograms exhibit quite a good resemblance. This paper illustrates the importance of the understanding and taking into account the absorption effect in the presence of the various structural features in the polar ionosphere (in particular, patches of enhanced electron density) in interpreting ionosonde data.     

Development of one-minute rain-rate and rain-attenuation contour maps for satellite propagation system planning in a subtropical country: South Africa

Millimeter and microwave system design at higher frequencies require as input a 1-min rain-rate cumulative distribution function for estimating the level of degradation that can be encountered at such frequency bands. Owing to the lack of 1-min rain-rate data in South Africa and the availability of 5-min and hourly rainfall data, we have used rain-rate conversion models and the refined Moupfouma model to convert the available data into 1-min rain-rate statistics. The attenuation caused by these rain rates was predicted using the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendations model. The Kriging interpolation method was used to draw contour maps over different percentages of time for spatial interpolation of rain-rate values into a regular grid in order to obtain a highly consistent and predictable inter-gauge rain-rate variation over South Africa. The present results will be useful for system designers of modern broadband wireless access (BWA) and high-density cell-based Ku/Ka, Q/V band satellite systems, over the desired area of coverage in order to determine the appropriate effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and receiver characteristics of this region.     

Cosmic-ray composition and its relation to shock acceleration by supernova remnants

An overview is given on the present status of the understanding of the origin of galactic cosmic rays. Recent measurements of charged cosmic rays and photons are reviewed. Their impact on the contemporary knowledge about the sources and acceleration mechanisms of cosmic rays and their propagation through the Galaxy is discussed. Possible reasons for the knee in the energy spectrum and scenarios for the end of the galactic cosmic-ray component are described.     

On ultra-high energy cosmic rays: Origin in AGN jets and transport in expanding universe

The cosmic ray source spectrum produced by AGN (active galactic nucleus) jets is calculated. A distinctive feature of these calculations is the account for the jet distribution on kinetic energy. The expected cosmic ray spectrum at the Earth is determined with the use of a simple numerical code which takes into account interactions of ultra-high energy protons and nuclei with the background radiation in an expanding universe.     

资源一号卫星X波段IR—MSS数传天线

一种北射双线螺旋天线在中巴合作研制的地球资源卫星上首次用作x波段IR－MSS（红外遥感）数传天线，替代了国际上惯用的赋形反射面天线。飞行试验表明，天线在轨工作正常，具有与赋形反射面天线相当的性能与功能。本文简要地介绍了该天线的设计和性能。     

燃烧室宽度对煤油旋转爆震波传播模态的影响

为研究基于煤油的旋转爆震波的传播特性,以煤油和含氧量40%的富氧空气作为燃料和氧化剂,对基于燃烧室外径均为100mm的无内柱燃烧室和燃烧室宽度分别为32,26,20mm的环形燃烧室开展了对比实验。不同氧化剂流量下,共观察到四种燃烧波模态,分别为爆燃模态、准稳定爆震模态、双波对撞模态和稳定旋转爆震模态。无内柱燃烧室中,氧化剂流量较低时无法维持旋转爆震波的稳定传播,出现爆燃模态和准稳定爆震模态;当氧化剂流量超过154g/s时,可以得到稳定旋转爆震模态,旋转爆震波峰值压力超过0.7MPa,平均传播速度为1750m/s。对于环形燃烧室,旋转爆震波的传播速度仅为1245~1465m/s,明显低于无内柱燃烧室中的传播速度。随环形燃烧室宽度减小,对应旋转爆震波模态的工况范围更窄,传播速度更慢。在本研究对应的工况范围内,增大燃烧室宽度,更有利于基于煤油的旋转爆震波的稳定传播。     

三级旋流燃烧室流动和点火过程中火焰传播特性

为了研究三级旋流燃烧室的流动以及预燃级煤油非预混燃烧特性,设计了三级旋流燃烧室结构方案与光学非接触测量方案,研究了总压损失与当量比对三级旋流燃烧室流动特性及火焰结构的作用和油气参数对点火过程中火焰特征结构与特征时间的影响规律。研究结果表明：在高速气流碰壁区存在内、外剪切层,剪切层的无量纲高度随总压损失变化较小,剪切强度随总压损失增大而增大;火焰结构随着当量比变化存在“V”型火焰、过渡火焰以及包络火焰三种形态,过渡当量比约在0.6左右;热态回流区扩张段扩张角度随总压损失的增大而增大,随着当量比先减小后增大;点火过程中存在大尺度火焰的熄灭与复燃,复燃火焰从回流涡附近以三维螺旋方式回传;点火过程中,随总压损失的增大,火核生成时间增大,火焰传播时间减小,熄火复燃时间减小;随当量比增大,火核生成时间增加,火焰传播时间先增大后减小,熄火复燃时间减小。