An experimental method to obtain the hard alpha anomaly distribution for titanium alloy aeroengine disks

A probability-based damage tolerance methodology has been proposed to improve the recognition of material anomalies, especially hard alpha (TiN) anomalies for aeroengine rotor disks. A key input to this method is hard alpha anomaly distribution, which reflects the occurrence rate and size of anomalies present in the finished part material of titanium rotors. Since anomalies rarely occur naturally, an experimental method is proposed to obtain the anomaly distribution for titanium alloy aeroengine disks to reflect and equivalently replace the manufacturing development in titanium industry. In general, the anomaly distribution information can be divided into two parts: the Probability of Detection (POD) curve and the detected anomaly distribution, which contains the size and frequency data of the detected anomalies. The distribution can be established based on several appropriate assumptions and derivation steps with different confidence levels of POD curves and detected anomaly distributions. In this case, the distribution can be obtained in a relatively short time as a key input to the probability-based damage tolerance methodology. Then the Probability of Failure (POF) can be calculated, and the value is found to vary with different confidence levels. On this basis, the conservative estimated POF can be obtained in conjunction with confidence levels.     

Statistical characteristics of spray autoignition of transient kerosene jet in cross flow

To study statistical characteristics of the random spray autoignition, aviation kerosene was injected transiently into non-vitiated air crossflow in a flow reactor with optical accesses. The operating conditions were relevant to gas turbine combustor: the air crossflow pressure and temperature were in the range of 1.4–1.7 MPa and 830–947 K, respectively, and the jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios were 20, 50 and 80. Statistical distributions of random ignition delay times with adequate convergence were estimated based on histograms. The dependences of the distributions on reactor pressure, temperature, and jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio were studied. The results show that the resulting distributions appear more concentrated with the increase of air temperature or jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio. And then the correlations for the mean and standard deviation of the ignition delay time sample data were developed based on the present results. Compared with the correlations of ignition delay time of homogeneous premixed gas-phase kerosene/air mixture reported in the literature, the results show a greater significance pressure dependence and lower temperature sensitivity of the ignition delay time of non-premixed kerosene spray.     

基于序列图像的航天器自主导航降维滤波方法

非合作目标的运动感知与状态估计,是太空领域技术发展的重要组成部分。非合作目标相对状态的精确估计是相对导航的难点问题。传统的非合作目标扩展卡尔曼滤波算法需要结合非合作目标的质心位置,增加了状态变量的维数,提高了系统不确定性,从而会影响状态扩展卡尔曼滤波的收敛速度。提出了一种基于序列图像的非合作目标相对导航方法,该方法在不对质心进行估计的情况下首先对非合作目标姿态进行估计,在完成非合作目标姿态估计后再对其质心进行估计。本文推导了光学相机测量值与目标真实姿态的关系,构建了基于序列图像的测量模型,分别建立了不含有非合作目标质心位置的状态方程和基于非合作目标位置、速度矢量的状态方程,设计了适用于非合作目标状态估计的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法。仿真实验表明该方法可在10 Hz采样频率下经过50次采样（即5 s）内快速收敛,从而有利于空间飞行器的在轨服务与维护。     

自适应二阶动态terminal滑模在近空间飞行器控制中的应用

为克服滑模抖振,设计了二阶动态terminal滑模,得到在时间本质上连续的控制器,并使滑模面在有限时间内收敛.然后采用非线性干扰观测器逼近复合干扰,通过在控制器中设置自适应补偿项,放宽了非线性干扰观测器的假设条件,不再要求复合干扰变化率为零.基于李雅普诺夫理论,严格证明了系统稳定性.最后将提出的控制方案应用于近空间飞行器姿态角跟踪仿真实验,仿真结果表明了该控制方案的有效性及优越性.      

气动热数值模拟中的网格相关性及收敛

针对气动热数值模拟中的网格相关性和收敛问题,采用计算流体力学(CFD)计算方法,以典型的钝头为算例,进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:网格是气动热数值模拟中的关键因素,壁面附近法向网格间距最为敏感,热流结果随网格间距不同会出现数倍乃至数量级的差异,在得出正确的壁面压力结果的网格上不能保证得到正确的热流结果。分析认为壁面附近客观存在的巨大温度梯度是网格要求敏感的原因。计算表明:气动热计算的收敛过程比压力和流场收敛慢得多;在压力和流场完全收敛时,热流与最终的迭代收敛值偏差达20%以上;以方程残值的下降量级和压力收敛作为热流收敛的判别标准是不合适的。在气动热计算中,应直接观察热流数据的收敛,确保得到真正的收敛解。     

Light conditions affect the roll-induced vestibuloocular reflex in Xenopus laevis tadpoles

In Xenopus laevis tadpoles, effects of asymmetrical light conditions on the roll-induced vestibuloocular reflex (rVOR) were tested for the developmental period between stage 47 and 49. For comparison, the rVOR was tested in dim- and high-symmetrical light environments. Test parameters were the rVOR gain and rVOR amplitude. Under all light conditions, the rVOR increased from tadpole stage 47 to 49. For all stages, the asymmetrical light field induced the strongest response, the dim light field the weakest one. The response for the left and right eye was identical, even if the tadpoles were tested under asymmetrical light conditions. The experiments can be considered as hints (1) for an age-dependent light sensitivity of vestibular neurons, and (2) for the existence of control systems for coordinated eye movements that has its origin in the proprioceptors of the extraocular eye muscles.     

不同PDF模型在超燃冲压发动机数值模拟中的应用

湍流与燃烧相互作用对复杂超声速燃烧流场产生影响,基于设定型PDF(ProbabilityDensityFunction)模型对其不同分布模型进行研究。考虑温度和组分联合概率密度函数,采用β-PDF和δ-PDF方法对HF2直连式发动机模型进行模拟,并与该发动机风洞试验数据进行对比。结果表明:无论是定量还是定性分析,两种PDF方法的预测结果与实验结果吻合好,说明湍流与化学反应相互作用不能忽略;采用β分布的算例壁面压强分布结果与实验结果吻合更好,燃烧效率更高,更能够捕捉湍流对于化学反应的影响。     

固体火箭发动机的概率设计

固体火箭发动机的性能参数和结构参数一般都服从正态分布，利用应力－强度干涉理论，通过正态分布密度函数的耦合方程进行发动机结构设计，并推导出具有随机变量指数的发动机工作压强和燃烧室壳体弹塑性爆破压的均值和标准偏差表达式，导出传统安全系数与可靠概率的关系。该设计方法较之传统的采用安全系数的设计方法合理。     

系统有效度单边下限的近似解

文章用拟合方法给出了复杂系统的有效度单边近似下限解,可用来计算卫星系统的有效度单边近似下限,并为评估卫星系统的最短寿命提供数据参考。