复合材料与金属混合结构寿命研究及验证

在工程设计中常采用复合材料壁板与金属材料骨架的混合结构。本文对复合材料与金属材料混合结构的寿命展开了研究,进行了疲劳试验并用全寿命方法计算了金属结构裂纹形成寿命和裂纹扩展寿命。通过对疲劳试验件的断口反推与计算结果得到了较好的吻合。     

航空发动机试车台附加阻力修正方法

附加阻力(进气冲量阻力和外部冲量阻力)是航空发动机试车台架推力的重要组成部分,准确地确定附加阻力对提高发动机试车台推力测量的准确性有十分重要的意义。本文对发动机总推力和试车台的对比标定进行了介绍,对发动机在露天试车台、室内地面台和高空台上附加阻力的确定方法和修正方法进行了详细地研究,给出了高空台与高空台、高空台与地面台的对比标定试验结果。      

疲劳裂纹扩展参数的寿命反推方法

为解决腐蚀疲劳条件下无法由断口判读获得(a,N)数据集以确定裂纹扩展公式参数的问题,提出了确定疲劳裂纹扩展参数的寿命反推方法。通过与用(a,N)数据集全部数据拟合结果的比较,证明该方法在指数b=1的情况下适用,而在b≠1时偏差较大;指定破坏概率的载荷循环数和裂纹长度的比较结果,说明该方法的结果可用于概率损伤容限分析。      

捷联惯性测量装置的综合环境应力可靠性试验

研究了捷联惯性测量装置综合环境应力可靠性试验方法，分析了捷联惯性测量装置的原理和可靠性指标，并给出了试验方案、环境应力、试验剖面和失效判据等内容。对某型战术导弹捷联惯性测量装置进行的可靠性增长试验表明，该方法可以较真实地模拟实际的使用环境。     

空间太阳望远镜热光学环境试验技术

空间太阳望远镜在轨期间,空间环境温度变化会严重影响望远镜成像质量,降低分辨率,因此空间太阳望远镜在模拟空间环境下的热光学试验是其研制过程中的关键技术之一。文章介绍了国外部分空间望远镜的热光学试验及低温光学试验设备,并针对国内空间太阳望远镜的研制和试验研究,提出了一些建设性的意见。     

Vegetable production facility as a part of a closed life support system in a Russian Martian space flight scenario

A Manned Mars Mission scenario had been developed in frame of the Project 1172 supported International Science & Technology Center in Moscow. The Mars transit vehicle (MTV) supposed to have a crew of 4–6 with Pilot Laboratory compartment volume of 185 m³ and with inner diameter of 4.1 m. A vegetable production facility with power consumption up to 10 kW is being considered as a component of the life support system to supply crew members by fresh vegetables during the mission. Proposed design of conveyor-type plant growth facility (PGF) comprised of 4-modules. Each module has a cylindrical planting surface and spiral cylindrical LED assembly to provide a high specific productivity relative to utilized onboard resources. Each module has a growth chamber that will be from 0.7 m to 1.5 m in length, and a crop illuminated area from 1.7 m² to 4.0 m². Leafy crops (cabbage, lettuce, spinach, chard, etc.) have been selected for module 1, primarily because of the highest specific productivity per consumed resources. Dietitians have recommended also carrot crop for module 2, pepper for module 3 and tomato for module 4. The maximal total PGF light energy estimated as 1.16 kW and total power consumption as about 7 kW. The module 1 characteristics have been calculated using own experimental data, information from the best on ground plant growth experiments with artificial light were used to predict crop productivity and biomass composition in the another modules. 4-module PGF could produce nearly 0.32 kg per crew member per day of fresh edible biomass, which would be about 50% of recommended daily vegetable supplement. An average crop harvest index is estimated as 0.75. The MTV food system could be entirely closed in terms of vitamins C and A with help of the PGF. In addition the system could provide 10–25% of essential minerals and vitamins of group B, and about 20% of food fibers. The present state of plant growth technology allows formulating of requirements specification for the flight-qualified modules.     

Predicting the effects of gas diffusivity on photosynthesis and transpiration of plants grown under hypobaria

As part of a Bio-regenerative Life Support System (BLSS) for long-term space missions, plants will likely be grown at reduced pressure. This low pressure will minimize structural requirements for growth chambers on missions to the Moon or Mars. However, at reduced pressures the diffusivity of gases increases. This will affect the rates at which CO₂ is assimilated and water is transpired through stomata. To understand quantitatively the possible effects of reduced pressure on plant growth, CO₂ and H₂O transport were calculated for atmospheres of various total pressures (101, 66, 33, 22, 11 kPa) and CO₂ concentrations (0.04, 0.1 and 0.18 kPa). The diffusivity of a gas is inversely proportional to total pressure and shows dramatic increases at pressures below 33 kPa (1/3 atm). A mathematical relationship based on the principle of thermodynamics was applied to low pressure conditions and can be used for calculating the transpiration and photosynthesis of plants grown in hypobaria. At 33 kPa total pressure, the stomatal conductance increases by a factor of three with the boundary layer conductance increasing by a factor of ∼1.7, since the leaf conductance is a function of both stomatal and the boundary layer conductance, the overall conductance will increase resulting in significantly higher levels of transpiration as the pressure drops. The conductance of gases is also regulated by stomatal aperture in an inverse relationship. The higher CO₂ concentration inside the leaf air space during low pressure treatments may result in higher CO₂ assimilation and partial stomata closure, resulting in a decrease in transpiration rate. The results of this analysis offer guidelines for experiments in pressure and high CO₂ environments to establish ideal conditions for minimizing transpiration and maximizing the plant biomass yield in BLSS.     

Relationship of the diffuse aurora and SAR arc dynamics to substorms and storms

Investigation results of a diffuse aurora (DA) and stable auroral red (SAR) arc dynamics based on spectrophotometric observations at the Yakutsk meridian (199°E geomagnetic longitude) are presented. The relationship of an equatorward extension of DA in the 557.7 nm emission to a substorm growth phase during the magnetospheric convection intensification after the turn of IMF B_Z to the south is shown. The formation of SAR arc during the substorm expansion phase is investigated. The association of SAR arc dynamics with the development of asymmetric ring current (substorm injection) during the main phase of a storm is analyzed. It is shown how the pulsating precipitations of energetic ring current particles develop in the outer plasmasphere based on photometric observations.     

Histochemical localisation of carbonic anhydrase in the inner ear of developing cichlid fish,Oreochromis mossambicus

Inner ear otolith growth in terms of mineralisation mainly depends on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CAH). CAH is located in specialised, mitochondria-rich macular cells (ionocytes), which are involved in the endolymphatic ion exchange, and the enzyme is responsible for the provision of the pH-value necessary for otolithic calcium carbonate deposition.     

我国外商直接投资现存问题及解决路径

改革开放以来,外商直接投资从无到有、从小到大,为国家经济发展和现代化建设做出了不可或缺的重要贡献。近几年,外商在中国的直接投资已暴露出了一些问题,为了提升我国利用外商直接投资的质量和水平,必须解决这些问题。